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Photography Starter Guide: Easy Steps to Start Beautiful DSLR Photography for Absolute Beginners TOC \o "1-9" \l 1-9 \h Table of ContentsChapter 1: Easy Guide to Purchase the Right Digital Camera for Your Needs2What Kind Of DSLR Should You Buy?2What Accessories/Tools Should You Purchase?5Chapter 2: How does Photography work? Invention and Evolution: Basic Guide to Understand Photography as a Whole.8Basic Physics Behind and Invention of Photography 8SLR Cameras and Functionality9Development of DSLR Cameras and Working Principles9Chapter 3: ISO, Shutter Speed and Aperture: A Guide to Understand the Three Kings of Photography10ISO10Shutter Speed in Detail11Aperture in Detail12Exposure13Cameras Ranges, Limits and Recommended Values16Evolution of Capabilities and Predictions for Future Cameras17Chapter 4: DSLR Camera Modes18Manual Mode Description and Advantage19Aperture Priority Mode Description and Advantages19Shutter Priority Mode Description and Advantages19Bulb Mode Description and Advantages19Program Mode Description and Advantages19Chapter 5: DSLR Optics: Basic Guide to understand the DSLR Lenses world.20Chapter 6: Image Creation, Composition and Basic Techniques24Chapter 7: DSLR File Handling or Digital Developing Process26Chapter 8: Common Types of Accessories, Description, Techniques and Tips.28Chapter 9: Introduction and Tips for Wedding Photography32Chapter 10: Introduction and Tips to Landscape Photography34Chapter 11: Introduction and Tips to Wildlife Photography35Chapter 12: Introduction and Tips to Food Photography37Chapter 13: Introduction and Tips to Children Photography39Chapter 14: Introduction and Tips to Portrait photography40Chapter 15: Introduction and Tips to Night Photography41Chapter 16: Tips for Improving Your Instagram Photography42Bonus Chapter:43Know Your Rights as a Photographer43Basic Image Backup Tips for Beginners44Cloud Storage for Photographers46How to Recover Deleted Photographs from Memory Cards46How to Organize Pictures46Cleaning and Maintaining Camera Gear47Chapter 1: Easy Guide to Purchase the Right Digital Camera for Your NeedsThe right camera among the hundreds of models to choose from may be easier to find than you initially imagined. The offering market is even varied and highly dynamic. There are things to know that can help you easily identify what the best options are for your needs and budget available in that location at that moment.What Kind Of DSLR Should You Buy? center91440The industry’s leading companies, leader companies in the industry, such as Canon, Nikon, Olympus, Pentax, Ricoh, Leica, Hasselblad, Sony and others, will most likely offer a more reliable product that is more reliable than an unknown competitobrandr. Due to the need to have a relatively low, or competitive price, there are other options for products offered by these leadinger brandscompanies that come with more guarantees, engineering, and benefits - , like additional accessories available for purchase, available specialized lenses, and the materials and engineering they are made from.. As welllso, the reputation factor is a very important point to take into account as wellfactor, especially when combined together with the accessibility ease for potentialof repairs that may be necessary ability. Even though, the equipment may eventually need to be upgraded, you may need to eventually upgrade the equipment, your first DSLR, under the right care, may be a second camera for your future workcan become a second, or back up, camera for professional or personal use, , to use as a backup or to use by assistants or staff, or can become an item that gets passed on. perhaps even as a tool you can pass on.Since tThere are many kindsdifferent types of Digital Single Reflex Cameras (DSLR), prices with many different capabilities and its prices will generally vary depending on its varyingthe camera’s capabilities, the built-in features qualities, and the updated, or upgradable, qualities. Though it may cost less Considering to purchase a used or a refurbished camera, it could be cheaper due to may have a higher price functionality value but keep in mind the possible hidden problems, such as humidity, dust, or abuse, which will reduce the life of your device by developing fungus or early mechanical failure. This is an important point to keep in mind when deciding to purchase a new camera or a used one. The pPrices for a high-technology DSLR camera can be comparable compared to the price of a high- end phone all the way up to an economy car. A good point to start withidea is to ask yourself what it is that you need your camera to capture and if the upgrade or difference in pricequality -, whether it is buying a new camera, lens or accessory -, will allow you to do it or nottake the pictures that you want. The different types of DSLR's will have different relative strong and weak points;, however, in many situations, the final image has often contains more value because ofdue to its feeling, message,emotional content, the message it is conveying, or the history it is tellingtells through aesthetic, composition, and, use of techniques. It is through finding a balance between cost and worth that the perfect camera can be found. With that in mind, you can choose the perfect camera by finding a balance between the capabilities that you need the most and those you are willing to sacrifice in order to have a higher budget for accessories, extra equipment or simply enhance other characteristics. For example, a bigger sensor size will have its advantages, but the camera may be bigger and therefore less portable as a result of the sensor.In detail, here are the most relevant characteristics that in given a camera that affectsaffect the the quality of a photograph, so that you know whichat numbers are importantyou should pay attention to.The MP or megapixels,megapixels will affect the amount of data forof the resulting image. It , directly determinesing how big the pictureit can be printed, or its visualization quality.visualized with quality. As a reference, if visualized seen through a monitor, a DSLR that is capable of producing 10 MP images,images will be able to fill a 4k monitor –, and eeven allowsing basic image some cropping of the image. A resolution of 10 megapixels is enough to print a good quality photo for a magazine page, or a book cover of 19x13” or 48x33 cm. Chapter 8 shows the relationship between megapixels and its printing size capability in further detail. Though mSee the detailed charts in chapter 8 to know more about the relation between megapixels and its printing size capabilities. Modern DSLR’s holdave a minimum of 10 MP, the options typically expand between but usually the options can be found from 16 -to 50+ or more megapixels. A In general having a low megapixel camera can have advantages such aslike, less noise in the image, because each pixel has a bigger size. Further, tThese models have the capacity ofcan captureing more images per second (bBurst rate) because the data that transfers is smaller. data to transfer is smaller.Sensor light sensitivity -, or the ISO number - , will tell us the camera’s light sensitivity; thow capable the sensor is to light; therefore, when necessaryeded, we can capture images in darker situations without noise presence. Figure 1 (2015) shows athe comparison between two cameras with the same ISO setting. One picture isbeing more capable of handling the light without artifact creation, or noise, than the other photo. This characteristic is not only useful in dark settings situations, but it can also be used to freeze a subject in movement. (Faster shots or higher shutter speed numbers reduceFaster shots, or higher shutter speed numbers, reduce the amount of lightlight that entersing the camera., therefore requiring a higher ISO setting in most cases, The camera will not necessarily produce a cleaner image with a higher ISO setting, and msee chapter 3 for a detailed insight). A higher ISO setting available in a camera model, doesn't necessarily mean the camera will produce a cleaner image at high ISO settings. Many manufacturers include a have a high value that can be selected, even though this may be useless for many imagesmany image purposes. A good point of reference is to have a low noise presence in values around ISO 800.center-76352Figure 1Comparison between two cameras with the same ISO setting (ISO 3200)Resistance and/or weather sealing is a potentiallyn important feature for, depending on the use of your camera. Years after using a cameraAfter years of use -, especially if used outdoors, during travel, or near water -, there is a high probability that the camera has experienced light rain, water splash, or drizzle. The exposure to weatheris can affect the camera’s longevity of the camera. In order t. To avoid these camera problems,s caused by such cases, purchase the most rugged cameras that include metal bodies, and different degrees of weather and dust protection. There will probably be an increase in over-all camera weight, and price, but it is worth the investment if the camera will definitely be exposed to the elements. The only disadvantage though is the increase in camera weight and price.The ergonomics, and the weight of the camera, will make an impact have an impact after several hours of holding it or simply transporting it. Usually the higher end models have a metal body and are much bigger, which may, after time, produce hand, neck, or and back pain – after some time especiallyor if incorrectly held incorrectly. If possible, iIt might be better to test aif you try out the camera first before really investing in itone. One way to you can test out the weight of the camera is by holding it for a whilelong enough in the camera store. Usually, the store- owners allow their customers to test out a camera, and it would be wise to take advantage of this offer. Another way to test out a the different qualities of a particular camera is by renting one. By renting a camera, one can test the advantages and the disadvantages of such model. Renting a camera is a good opportunity, as it provides the time to test and dissect the pros and cons of a specific model, and to pinpoint the different features that you want in whichever model that you choose. Maximum shutter speed is the capacity of a camera’s capacity to capture light in a very short period of time. Low speed images are taken around 1/60th of a second or less, but high speeds can range from 1/1000th of a second or faster. Further, mMaximum shutter speed can only be used when subject’s areathe area where the subject is located is brightly highly illuminated. Though the higher the shutter speed usedcreates, the less movement or blur in the photo, will be visible; at same time, less light enters will be entering the camera, which makes ing the high shutter speed numbers dependable on flashes, or even direct sun light. Low speed images are around the 1/60th of a second or less, high speeds can range from 1/1000th of a second or faster.The type of lens determines the image quality in a good part, the zoom ability, and the background blurring capacities. A camera lens that has lower aperture capabilities can focus on the subject yet while still leaveing the background blurry, which. This adds drama to a photo. To see the exact effect this will have on your image, go to chapter x. The DSLR camera body can be bought purchased separately from the lens. This is convenient as it means that multiple lenses can be purchased and used on the same camera. if you'd like to get a better multipurpose lens, more resistant, generally capable or perhaps separate lenses for each need. If, when purchased, you buy the camera body includeswith the lens included, this last one is will be usually a basic model that works as a general purpose lenson general purpose, and . Itis's normally referred to as the kit lens. Some consider the lens , a more important aspect than the camera itself, but, when talking about the high end lenses. However to understandlearn and know exactly whichhat upgrade will best suit you, , a general use, cheaper kit lens areis recommended first. From whichEventually, it is simple to you can expand to a “faster” lens, macro lens, higher angular visibility, or simply sharper lens.Built-in flash is a useful feature that expensive models tend to avoid,avoid. Tthe main reason for this is because the purpose of the camera aims for a high quality image, exclusively so external flashes are preferredused instead. However, in some situations, the internal flash may achieve the same effect while keeping maintaining the camera's current portability.Available accessories, price, and availability will vary between manufacturers. An example practical case shows that includes the lenses made by the manufacturer Nikon are sometimes being more expensive due to the type of mount, and other variables; however,. oOld Nikon lenses may fit your new DSLR. ; however Tthis is not the case for some Canon lenses, for example, assince this manufacturer upgraded the mount in the 1980's. The lens market, and accessories is an important aspect to consider - especially for future use of the camera.The LCD characteristics are relevant in several situations -, such as footage recording, where the viewfinder is usually unusable. For video purposes, where the camera is usually tilted or raised beyond eye level, a tilting LCD can make a difference.Extra features always appear in the market, and are often useful for very specific situations. ForBy example, a tilting sensor will help maketo get landscapes perfectly horizontal, even if the horizon is not visible. This will save some pixels - and time - by avoiding correction in postproduction as well. For action photography, such as sports, the speed at which the lens focuses on a subject may create make a big difference. Some cameras are Wi-Fi enabled so they can be shared with family, clients, or final audience in the momentan audience. Alternatively,or you can potentially control the camera from through other devices sometimes. A GPS integrated in the camera will help to point out the images on a map through the camera as well as,nd other software. Though this may not be a useful feature fFor a wedding photographer, this may not be exactly a useful characteristic; however a travel photographer can find any photo by simplyjust typing the country, city, or just the coordinates. These are only some of the tools that are available in different DSLRs.What Accessories/Tools Should You Purchase? There are many accessories available that will enhance your camera.’s capabilities and the truth of the matter is, Uunfortunately, some of these accessories are essential, yet they do not come free with the camera. Here is a list that includes both, the unnecessary accessories, that amplify the range of possibilities to an essential point, as well as thosetogether with those that may not be included, but and are absolutely necessaryessential to a quality camera..Must Haves:? Extra Battery: If your DSLR comes with only one rechargeable battery, your camera becomes unusable while the single battery charges. the time you need to fully charge it will let your camera be entirely unusable and Ththis couldmay be a big issue, especially when conductingyou are doing outdoor shoots.? Memory Card: DSLR’s normally do no't usually include a memory card in the box, which means thating you will not be able to use itt at all until you get one. It is important to check which type of memory card your camera will need. Some Some DSLR’s need Compact Flash cards, maybe SD cards, or another type of memory card;other types, however, the manual should provide the information that determines which card to purchase. you should check in the manual for the size of each photo to have a good idea of how many of them you can save in the card before transferring to a computer or other storage device. Besides the storage capacity, the card will ll have an impact in the number of images you can taken per second as well. For example, iIf a camera is able to tmake 7 photosimages/ per second in by example, during 5 seconds (See burst rate), the card will determine for how long this burst couldcan last, and, in some cases, act as a bottle neck which limits, limiting the speed or burst rate capacity. To know which card you should buy take a look at the camera’s manual. In terms of capacityAs a guide, a 16 GB card is a good start if you are shooting with images that are under 20 megapixels. The manual should have will show charts that showing exactly how many images you can store - whether you shoot in jpeg or RAW mode. RAW mode is the most recommended modee by which to save photos, especially if when the photos getwill be printed or post-processed. Remember: the manual can be accessed through the Internet or a manufacturer. you can access the manual through the internet or the manufacturer.? Lens Filter: This accessory will protect your lens's front crystal from impacts and scratches. Alternatively, a lens hood can do a similar job. Even though , it makesing the lens slightly bulkier, it but also enhancesing the contrast in some light situations. You can also us both a lens hood or filter., or you can use both. A lens filter is always cheaper than the front lens crystal. Figure 2 shows the differencee in contrast when a lens hood is used as the only with no image modifiercation other than the lens hood.center184343Figure 2Optional Recommendations:? 50mm ?1.8 lens: This is a fixed focal length lens at 50mm, which means thatmeaning there will be no zoom capabilities, and the perspective, or angle of vision, is similar to that of a human eye. The ?1.8 refers to the maximum aperture possible, but there are options with even lower values -, such as ?1.4, ?1.2 or even ?1.0., Eeach of them increasessing the size exponentiallyexponentially, which, makesing this lens a faster, or brighter one. This lens will determine how much of the background can be blurred, and can create great dramatic effects as well asnd subject isolation (both can be seen in Figure 3).center104058Figure 3? External Flash: Whether you prefer a DSLR with a built-in flash capability or not, you can take a lot of advantage offrom an external flash, for mostalmost any typeskind of photography. The external flash is se are often capable toof illuminateing big subjects, such as trees at night. As well,Or, depending on the distance from the subject, it can provide a stronger light than the one of the sun.! This will comes in handy when bouncing light from a ceiling, or situations where the final intensity will be greatly reduced. The most importantmore pressing question is: how to choose a flash.? The intensity is closely related to the size of the flashis closely related to the light intensity, and may . This is a point that may have athe bigger impact upon selectionwhen choosing. It is also important to examine, followed by the particular functions -, such as wireless integrated functions. These are called master flashes, and are capable of triggering other flashes with a slave function. Its usefulness dDependsing on the type of photography you pursuewill do, and you may find yourself rarely using this device., The necessity of the external flash may become more apparent with time, perhaps only when you need a different type of light or illuminate shadows. But as you get used to it, the necessity of it may become obvious, especially within the case of studio photography or as the need for efficiency increasess or other cases.Chapter 2: How Does Photography Wwork? Invention and Evolution: Basic Guide to Understanding Photography as a Whole.centertopBasic Physics Behind and Invention of Photography The photographyPhotography process consists of painting colors with light, and, in its most basic form, it makes use of its name in a literal way. The process requires a box with a hole , this is called a camera obscura. The light will enter the hole, and illuminate at the opposite side of the box. If the box is big enough, a room for example, an artist can trace the projected image and have a proportioned, inverted representation., even though it will be inverted. Imagine yourself squatting,squatting and looking through the hole of the camera obscura. In this position, you are looking to the outside from the other side of the room and, you will see a dot in, the color of the sky. This beam of light will color the wall, and it is now possible to see or draw whatever is outside the room. However T the first camera that did nno't required a manual tracing process, dates back to 1816, approximatelyround 150 years after the first camera drawing records were registered. This was done through the use of a chemical reaction in a silver plate and instead of a wall, the spots that were more exposed to more light would get darker. Around twenty years laterEventually the developing process evolved so thatto the point where the images could stop reacting to light exposure., this was discovered around 20 years later.With the integration of crystal or lenses in front of the hole, light couldan now be controlled., Mmore light enters, is entering and it becomes possible to focus and capture the with contrast, and detail, at the specific distance of the lens focusthe lens is focusing in. This is a very similar process to when Just like a magnifying glass can concentrates on the sun light, and creates a chemical reaction.SLR Cameras and FunctionalityThe professionalProfessional cameras, as we know them, in its classical shape are named Reflex cameras or Single Lens Reflex because a mirror is used to see exactly what it will be captured, in real time. as no other process, even M modern digital devices are not capable to provide this as it, also allowing to sees the focus at which the lens is currently configured. This time, Iinstead of using a silver plate to capture the light, a light sensitive rolled film rolled film sensitive to the light is placed and exposed for a certain amount of time -, normally less than a plate film -, which could take several hours. Unlike A difference inof silver plate materials, this film is magnified to create bigger images because of its reduced and useful size, useful ergonomics, and practical functionality. These factorsy which may havehelped lead to its popularity.Development of DSLR Cameras and Working PrinciplesDSLR stands for Digital Single Lens Reflex as, instead of a single time use layer, it nd the main difference consists in the uses of a digital sensor, rather than a single time use layer. The number of megapixels in a given unit showstells the number of squares that compose the sensor. Each square contains a small photo sensor that allows the camera processor, and internal electronics, to record the whole image as RAW data. This RAW data, which is then processed to create an image. Even Tthough it often will records less information than itstheir counterparts, the , in terms of printing size, as well as,nd the distance between darks and highlights in a single photograph are huge assets(See dynamic range) the advantages are incomparable. The DSLR , by far, exceeds its predecessors in many different areas, such as the processing time forit takes to process each photo, the amount of photos one camera can carry, reduced price, and more.Chapter 3: ISO, Shutter Speed and Aperture: A Guide to Understand the Three Kings of PhotographycentertopWhen learning photography, the basice concepts of ISO, Shutter Speed, and Aperture are those that will allow provide the most control, expression, and creativity of expression. Each of them is anare important aspects of the photography process, and can also be found in the camera obscura itself. The modification of any of these 3 aspects will determine the amount of light each of them will contributed to the image, and through the balance of this, it will be possible to capture a visible image -, not too dark or too bright. The human eye adjusts to changes in light, and can simultaneously perceive both at the same time brighter and darker details than a camera can;. hHowever, a DSLR can potentially gois able to go further and record darker scenes or brighter scenes than a human eye can in some cases, depending on the lenses, filters and sensor as well. Aside from the amount of light, each one of these aspects will have one very weighted effect that can capture different things from the very same scene, making a photograph look entirely different.Each one of these aspects is explained in further detail:ISO The plate that receivesing the light, the film from an SLR, or any other analog camera is light sensitive to light. The silver plates that need hours of exposure to produce an image are much less sensitive than the roll film used in SLRs. This sensitivity is measured in numbers from 100 to higher values in increments that double the last s such astep, up to modern 200,000 plus, and in some cases, usually 10 or 14 steps further. IHowever, it will always will have a side and visible effect, aside from the amount of light that can be compensated with other camera settings. The analog and digital versions will both show a n increased noise or grain increase in the image, which often leads to a lower quality of the photograph, and is avoided whenever possible -, especially in digital photography because of the less pleasing type of noise. S However sometimes, however, this effect is dthis can be desired, and, in thishat case, in digital photography edition or developing software, there are available tools that tastefully assist with anllow to increase, or reduction, in noise tastefully or even reducing it.Analog cameras are innot capable of changing this value, which is an advantage ofbut DSLR’s are able to that withrequire not much more than a turn in a dial, set in most cases under the index or thumb fingers. The amount of noise will vary between cameras and is related to the size of each pixel in the sensor. A lower megapixel camera will allow for bigger pixels whichpixels that generally will result in higher quality pictures most of the times.Essentially, tThis effect is essentially produced for the extra reach that the film, or sensor, is pushed to give. This creates chemical or electrical artifacts and areThis creates chemical or electrical artifacts and is generally categorized as grain, to refer to the noise or artifacts produced in analog photography. Luminance noise is the artifacts produced by the change in pixel brightness. Chrominance noise ris used to refers to the artifacts or color differences that should not be presentthere either.Shutter Speed in DetailThe shutter speed is the amount of time that the sensor will be exposed to light. OWith pinhole cameras, this is done by opening the front holepening the front hole does this in pinhole cameras when it, counts aing and closesing it back. With SLRs, the process is an automation that utomated. This automation consists of two curtains. When the mirror opens, one curtain rolls over, and is closely then followed by another that closes itto close it back in a very precise and controlled manner. The process effect of this process will allows either more, or less, light to enter the aperture while still capturing the subject or the scene. Low speeds will allow the light in movement to trace a shape in the image - like the classical scene in Figure 4. On the other side, high speeds will allow for high speedhigh-speed photography, or the freezing of a subject, aslike shown in Ffigure 5.centertopFigure 4center87508Figure 5Aperture in DetailThe diaphragm aperture, or ?, refers to the light that entersis entering through the lens or hole in a pinhole camera, or camera obscura. This is directly affected by the size of the hole, or the disposition of the glass of the lens glass. A bigger hole means that more light will enter, and this The bigger the hole, the more light will enter results in a lowerand the lower the ? number will be.If you imagine yourself inside a camera obscura looking through the hole to the outside, you will see only a beam of light - , unless the hole is big. If the hole is bign that case, the image will not only be a more luminous one, and but will provide give each spot or pixel in the case of a DSLR, more rays of light. The spot will not be able to show any more of anymore with exactitude what is on the other side of the whole, but it will provide anan averaged illumination, and color forof everything that is that is visible through the whole at that precise spot. This is what will creates the unout of focused, or blurred, effect. With the addition of a lens, the focus is recovered and increased only at certain distances only. All thisThis entire segment in sharp focus is called depth of field. For example, with lower the lower ? number,number will provide the shorter this distance, or depth, of field will be. Figures 6 and 7 represent an example of ?1.8 and ?22 diagramsaphragms respectivel.y, to compensate for light, ISO and Shutter Sspeed have different settings to compensate for ,light; however, not in a way thatit does not visibly affect, or relevantly, affects visibly the final result or in a relevant way the result of the photo..center85679Figure 6center41788Figure 7ExposureA rule to remember with To know the amount of light we want to capture, we should balance these 3 factors. With analog cameras , a rule to remember is the so- called Sunny 16 rule.: This means that in the outdoors, on a sunny day, the diaphragm can be set at ?16. In additionAdditionally, the ISO and Shutter Speed settings should be equal. If these three factors are satisfied, the image will be correctly exposed. It will not either be underexposed (black or very dark) nor will it be overexposed (bright or white). For example, if using ISO 200, the shutter speed should be set to 1/200th of a second, and the lens to ?16. On a cloudy day, the settings it should be changed to ?11 or lower.TAll these numbers are usually fixed and set in a scale of steps. Thise concept consists of each stopp, having the double oftwice the light of than its predecessor. The used charts in Figure 8 show, statistics forfor ISO, diaphragm and shutter speed. However camerasIt should be noted that camera and lenses maymight allow for intermediate values.DiaphragmShutter speedISO?1.41/2ISO 25600?21/4ISO 12800?2.81/8ISO 6400?41/15ISO 3200?5.61/30ISO 1600?81/60ISO 800?111/125ISO 400?161/250ISO 200?221/500ISO 100?321/1000ISO 50Figure 8This means that it is nowchart makes it easier to calculate whichthe proper settings to use. If Iin a sunny setting, awe require a low ? number is required which brings it, going five steps darker in the aperture. This should be compensated with 5 steps in other areas, perhaps 2 steps over the 200 ISO and 3 steps below the expected shutter speedd expected under the rule. SLRs and modern, or commercial, DSLRs generallytend to have a light sensor, or photometer that shows the exposure in the viewfinder and/ or the display showing a scale that usually presents a scale that shows starting at -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, and finally +3. This information illustrates tells us which one is the exposure in relation to the currently selected settings that are currently selected. The number 0 represents a the balanced amount of light in the area that is being measured by the photometer. There are several modes in the camera that will tell the photometer which parts to measure and how. Though they may vary between models or brands, but the most common are the:Spot metering: This mode will directly measure directly on a small spot at the center of the image and, ignoresing the surrounding area.everything else around.Partial metering: This mode still measures a point in the center of the image, but will examinegive some importance to a bigger area around the circle.Center-weighted measuring: In this case, the photometer will showtake into account the entire image but not in an uneven and proportionated way. and givingIt gives much more importance to the areas nearer to the center.Spot AF area: This mode will read the point that is used as the focus point. Therefore, An example is inwhen using the autofocus function, where you may select someone’s eye, and the photometer will measure the eye to use as a reference for what should be an ideal light conditions.These are the main types of metering and they may be named differently according tofor each manufacturer, but the icon used to distinguish them can beis self-explanatory or easy not hard to identify after a few times. Despite having a correct exposure setting, the photograph is not necessarilymay not be better, contains more detail, or be is more interesting. The creation of silhouettes is a clear example where you would want your subject to be measured as underexposed.Another way of achieving a correct exposure is through the control of the artificial lighting. This can be automatically done through the use of a system called TTL -. TTL stands for “Through Tthe Lens” metering. This means that the flash will adjust its power by communicating to the photosensorphoto sensor of the camera. In practice, pressing a few buttons to select the automatic mode in a compatible flash will be enough.A camera is capable of capturingcan capture a range of light of around 10 to 15 stops of light most of the time. The manufacturer describes this rangewhich is described by the manufacturer as EV, and s. Some brands – such as Leica - are known to have a higher range as it such as Leica or some of its models or other highly rated cameras, aimsing towards art, or high quality photography. To extend thisFurther, you can capture one underexposed image to capturefor the shadow detail, one normally exposed image, and and one overexposed image forto capture the more luminous images, and and then finally mergingmerge them together. This is known as an HDR image, and can be composed by 2, 3two or more images stacked together. The technique allows for much bigger light ranges to be captured, even higher than the best DSLR’s in the area, or analog photography, which always has a greater range than DSLRs. The disadvantage is that the image can no't be captured in the same moment. Figure 9 shows a scene with great differences in light, then composed to an HDR with the use of HDR, and through the use of three3 stops between each image. In practice, you can by example make one photograph with a normal exposure, an one image one stop darker, and finally another one that is one stop brighter then. Then mixing them with the camera software or another company's software for image edition.1709287130302Figure 9Some cameras may have a built-in the HDR functshionfunction built in, for which, case you should refer to the manual. Some Oother DSLR cameras may not have the HDR function, as such but still hasave tools that are present there specifically to help create the HDR creation. This is called bracketing, because of the several images that are taken one after the other to create the HDR image. The ideal situation when for using this option is to have the camera fixed on a tripod, and pointing to a scene with littlefew to no movement. When taking the images, a the hand may produce a visible movement. To prevent such minute movement in the camera, a remote, or timer, triggering device may be used to take the picture. or setting the timer mode on the camera may be the better option. For example through the Wi-Fi enabled cameras that allow to be controlled at distance or simply using a trigger that connects to the DSLR through a port or wirelessly. Find this device in detail in chapter 9, which contains other built in tools as well. The bracketing function however will mix this with the burst option and the internal timer; thus, the process is ideal to stick to the images afterwards. The setup of the camera set-up may vary between brands, or even models, in some ways, but it is very useful to learn the process. In generalGenerally, to allow the vibrations to dissipate, the process may beis vulnerable to some delay between the shutter speed and the first image taken to allow the vibrations to dissipate which is produced by the hand and/or the burst of a fixed number of images taken consecutively with a difference in its exposure.Cameras Ranges, Limits and Recommended ValuesGetting familiar with the values will allow fora better control of the camera, and the image it produces. At first glance, with the values, usually shown in the viewfinder and/or the informative display, it will let us knowtell us if the settings are appropriate for the scene. Even if the exposure is correct or you have selected one of those settings to be handled automatically by the camera, you still need to decide whether this is appropriate or not. Though the camera may be correctly exposed, the appropriateness of the camera’s current settings remains up to the photographer’s discretion.A low ? number, producing its characteristic background blur, may be far from what you were looking for when shooting at a group of people that are looking at the camera from different distances.The typical ISO, shutter speed, and aperture ranges continue to are increaseing over time as, with more manufacturers constantly offering more extreme, higher, or lower values. ISO values tend to increase faster, followed by shutter speed, and, finally, lenses with low ? stops often showing little to no change.The ISO settings are limited in the bottom by a value of 100, and in some cases lower values such as 80 or less. The recommended setting is usually the lowest possible; however, some cameras may show variants and produce crisper images at slightly higher settings, like 200 or 400. The settings is sweet spot should be tested for the specific camera model to allow for a better decision - , especially in studio photography where consistency, low noise, and sharpness is very valuable.The shutter speed ranges from 30 seconds, or Bulb mode -, which allows even longer exposures -, to thousands of a fraction of a second. The time necessary to perceive perceive movingthe stars moving is around approximately 30-60 seconds seconds or a minute. On the other hand, 1/1000th 1000th sshutter speed is enough to freeze a running personrunner, or a splash of water. Nevertheless, an image can be completely frozen with long shutter speed settings -, especially in the case whenre you have a dark scene that can isonly illuminated by a short fraction of time and usesing a flash. This technique is often used for macro photography for moving subjects, such as like dripping water.ATo know which setting to use, a point of reference, for proper setting, is to avoidavoiding the hand’s natural movement to blur the scene. This is done by matchingIn matching the zoom - or focal length - of the lens and multiplying it by 2, so that when properly hand holding a 50mm prime lens by hand, a 1/100th of a second will most likely avoid any hand movement to be shown, if the camera is held properly.The aperture value available in general purpose lenses may start at ?4.0, which is considered slightly dark - or slow - and can go up to ?36.0 or higher. The recommended value, aside from the depth of field that you are looking for, depends upon the lens. As regards the sharpness,T the highestst sharpness will depend vary depending on the lens, and it is called referred to as the sweet spot. This value is often higher than its lowest or brightest option. A 50mm ?1.8 lens used at ?1.8 may look slightly soft or out of focus unless stopped down 1 or 2 steps. This difference in sharpness will be reduced, as the quality of the engineering and materials increase.Evolution of Capabilities and Predictions for Future CamerasSome suggested activities to put in practice, and remember, for the handling and the controlling tof these three3 values as well as remembering them and get a feeling about the normal ranges is listed below. Remember to set the camera to manual mode, so that you can control each of those value s separately, and use your zoom or general purposegeneral-purpose lens.? Set the camera’s shutter speed to 1/30th of a second, and photograph different scenes with the lowest zoom setting, and the lowest aperture setting possible as well. Adjust the ISO setting to achieve thea correct exposure by adjusting the ISO setting, then increase the zoom and continue to photographing different scenes until the focal length/zoom reaches its maximum value. Remember that less light will enter the camera when there is more of a zoom, and youThe more you zoom, the less light will enter the camera and depending on the scene, you may need to compensate with the ISO for the lost light, and increased aperture setting, or ? number. Go through your photographs in full size on a computer, or in print; you may use a computer monitor or in print.. At this point, you should ask yourself which photo has theis the highest focal length, or zoom setting, that continues to make your allowed you to make sharp photographs sharp. without your hand movement making the image unusably blurry. Repeat thise activity both indoors and outdoors, during the day or night. with some of the images in the outdoors or day light.The excess light will will probably not be unavoidable with a low ISO setting in any of the outdoor images. This is a case where the use of sSome settings may be limited due to natural eventsthe sunlight; however, there are other external camera accessories that can control light. In this particular situation, the use of a “density filter” would reduce the light. If the image iwas overexposed by 3 steps, a similar filter should be used. At the same time, allowing the same low ? number for reduced depth of field.You can also pay attention to the noise levels. Is it high enough to distract? At which level is its presence visible? When comparing noise and over distance subjects, with macro, or near subjects, does the noise look the same? The perspective optical effect may create the feeling of smaller artifacts when looking at closer subjects. This, makesing the noise less of a protagonist apparent in the image.? In a dark room, tmake a photo with at a low ISO setting, low aperture value, and extremely long shutter speeds such as, you can start with 10 seconds. You can also use a timer or a remote trigger. Then turn the light on and off for a moment,n instant stay while staying still, and remainbut still in the camera’s field of view. Do this twice with different positions before the shutter closes back again. Repeat the process but use a with the use of a hand flash light this time and with different shutter speeds. This technique is called speed painting and can help showyou see directly what the direct effect of movement and light is over the sensor. The spot should be brighter with slower the movement the brighter the spot will be.Chapter 4: DSLR Camera ModescentertopManual Mode, Aperture priority, shutter speed priority, and program mode are standard exposure modes that will allow complete user control. This takes into account some of the user’s preferences, inputs, and limitations. The advantages to these modes are great when it comes to efficiency, or in cases whenre the current user is not yet familiar with a DSLR camera.Other types of modes include landscape, portrait, and, creative, etc. All theseThe terminologyies variesy between brandsfrom brand to brand. These modes are handy useful for less creative photos because theyese provide a fast way to shoot, and still maintain some features as well as utilize some of the advantages of the DSLR cameras. Aside from exposure, they will also add settings to the photography RAW file. Making and make those visible through the camera display, when saving in non-RAW formats, or developing the RAW files with a software compatible with the at camera model. Most updated and famous software will do the job correctly, as well as the software provided by the manufacturer.These settings will play a major role in the wayhow color is interpreted and managed after digitally developing the sharpness, skin tones, and softness, etc. But Tthey will also make modifications inmodify how the photo is made created and not only processed, b. Based on the type of photography., Ffor example, a in portrait mode, a photographer may use wider aperture settings. In doing so,This will blur the background will blur and and consequently givegive more attention to a smaller portion of the image - , which is often desirable in portrait photography. as opposed to landscape photography where sharpness through different distances is often preferred. Other modifications include the use of flash, and points of focus that o give priority, such as in macro modes, where the nearest focus point possible to focus may be the main subject.These creative modes are of useful in certain situations, however, are often avoided by brands in whichwhere models market towards aim for a professional use only.These modes can be selected through the camera dial, and represented with letters and/or symbols. Some DSLRs may avoid the use of a dial to select the different modes, so make sure to refer to the specific model's manual in this case. Some dials may even also have blocking functions, or customizable modes.Manual Mode Description and AdvantageThis is the mode that allows for full control of the ISO, shutter speed, and aperture settings. Old cameras only had manual mode, and this was whyhow early photographers became expertss atin balancing settings. Now, this is just one of the available modes available on your DSLR and it that will let let you express more creativity. Simpler, automatic, digital cameras do not allow this as t. They are composed ofby a lens with often a simple aperture setting and that regulates the shutter speed, and ISO, that to attempt to delivers a correct exposure through the photometer. This mode will allows for precise control upon the change of slower setup time, where even a change in direction from the same spot within the same scene may require an exposure adjustment of the exposure.Aperture Priority Mode Description and AdvantagesThe aperture priority mode is often symbolized in the camera dial as Av or A. This mode will uses the photographer’s selected aperture ? number, and while the camera automatically adjusts the shutter speed to get the correct exposure through the current metering mode used and the selected exposure. The ISO may be part of the automatic process, limit it in some cases, or fix it to a specific value. This process will varyvaries between models, and should be explained in the manual.Shutter Priority Mode Description and AdvantagesThe shutter priority mode is often symbolized in the camera dial as S. This mode allows the photographer to choose the speed of the shutter speed while leaving the camera to adjust the aperture and in order to achieve the correct exposure.Bulb Mode Description and AdvantagesThis mode will allows control of the shutter speed. but thisThis control depends on how oftenthe amount of time the shutter button is pressed and held down.Program Mode Description and AdvantagesThis is a mode that willmode searches for a correct exposure adjusting shutter speed, and aperture as well;. hHowever, some configurations will modify howthe way the exposure is achieved. This is similar to an automatic mode however will allow for a limited control.Chapter 5: DSLR Optics: Basic Guide to Understand the DSLR Lenses Worldcenter131399Thoughe the importance of the lens is objective or lens importance is easy to overlook -, especially when choosing a DSLR -. However for many professionals, the lens is more important than the actual DSLR body itself. This can happen because of several reasons. The lenses can be more important than the camera itself depending on the case. They can affect the photo even more than the camera itself. Imagine that you need a photo of a new hotel to be part offor their website design, advertising through TV advertising, brochures, and social media. Starting here, Iit iis not, in this case, necessary a necessity to use a high- resolution camera. A Perhaps a 15 MP photo will evenmight need resizing, and, in. Given these circumstances,circumstances, the lighting will not be a problem either outdoors orand in the rooms. It can be easily controlled through flashes, and light diffusers or other lighting equipmentequipment;; therefore, the ISO range of the camera may not play a big role either., and even less some of the functions like multiple focus points, burst rate, etc. However, a lens with a wide angle of view must be used for the small spaces to able to create sharp high quality images, and to simply give provide a better,igger visible difference.Often the lenses stay with uslast longer than the DSLR; however, the exact lens neededthat we may need, will depend on the particular purpose of course. Price is aAnother reason why many professionals consider the lens as more important in some cases, is the price, which as lenscan often easily surpasses the price of the highest priced DSLRs ion certain brands. Even some lenses can be very specific, and have their own categorya category of its own in many cases. The most common types can be categorized based on depending on its angle of view, aperture, quality, and focus characteristics.The most common type of lens is the multipurpose lens whichlens that often comes as a kit lens. They are characterized by using cheaper materials, and . They can produce relatively dark images when s if compared with other lens,ses and the focal length or zoom often comes with a wide n angle of view in that can be considered a wide angle lens in its lowest value, and a zoom in its highest. The quality of the material will affect both the durability the sharpness of the image and the durability. Other qualitiecharacteristics may include a slower autofocus speed, and a zoom that does no't stay in position if held vertically, and, together with noise artifacts that make them unsuitable for the DSLR’s video function of the DSLR.The wide-angle, which may not have zoom capabilities, is another category of lens. Another category is the wide angle lenses, which may or may not have zoom capacities. Usually, a wide- angled lens has a very short in range, but still allows some flexibility for image composition. Due to the use of less inner elements, or crystals, iIt generally also produces photos with higher general qualityquality than multipurpose lens because of its relative simplicity. y, which allows the use of less inner elements or crystals. This quality reduces reflections, and the addition of a slight blur with each surface or reduction in sharpness.Going to the other focal length extreme, Tthere is also a category called long focal length - or telephoto, and super telephoto - lenses. These offer a great zoom capability, and have the tendency of beingtend to have one of the mosta more expensive, biggerst type of objectives. This is especially true when the aperture of the telephoto, or super telephoto lens, is low, as t. This will increases the lens’s diameter exponentially. and have them looking more like a telescope holding a camera instead of being the other way around. In this case, it would help to attach a tripod or monopod attached to the bottom of the lens for stability is of great help because of the heavy weight. Sports and wildlife photography are two examples of when this type of bright lens is used, as it is Some of the most used cases for this type of bright lenses is the sports or wildlife photography, where the action is occurringoccurs both far and in motion. This situation increases the need for a shorter shutter speed value and, consequently, reducesing the amount of light available. In some instancescases, a bright lens will be the only solution; however, for timescases where the light is not a problem, there is a type of lens that uses a different system. These are called mirror lenses, and are composed of a concave mirror, and a center element that allows for them to have much higher focal lengths in smaller spaces. This advantage does not come for free, asand it potentially produces a reduction in image quality in some cases, but more importantly, it limits in the aperture in a great way which makesso to make them unsuitable for sports scenes.Macro lenses are also similar to zoom lenses as well, but are characterized by theirits ability to focus oin short distances.s, wThishich allows for great subject magnification, and capturesing details thatl our eyes often cannotare often unable to perceive. Though they are mainly used because of itsfor their high image quality, that is not however is not the only way to reduce the focus distance. This can be achieved in any lens through the use of an extension ring, or simply by placing the lens in the opposite direction -, with the help of an adapter, or filter. They are not ideal mainly because of the inability unable to capture light, have reduced image quality, and loss of autofocus functions. ABOVE SENTENCE SAYS HIGHER QUALITY, LAST SENTENCE SAYS POORER QUALITY. PLEASE CLARIFY IF IT IS THE FILTER THAT RESULTS IN POORER QUALITY?996878320040Other type of lenses includetypes of lenses include art lenses, which are placed within normal ranges, so meaning they may not have a great zoom, or angle of view, ranges. They may not be particularly bright, but they are composed of exceptionally high, and sharp, glass elements they are composed of are exceptionally high, not only in terms of sharpness, that but in terms of reduceing image deformation of the imag-e, such as in fish eye lenses, where one can see at first glance shows the curvature of the lines that weare supposed to be straight, or other artifacts, such as chromatic aberration where the colors offset like in a prism, with yellow by one side and blue by the other.r, coming from a plain white object that are present in a higher degree in lowest quality lenses.The tilt and shift lenses are a common category as well that stands for the lenses capacity to tilt and/or shift in relation to the sensor. This will modifymodifies the depth of field, by maintaining the same aperture, or changes the perspective provided by the lens. One common example is whenre a building may looklooks smaller on the top while it ishen being looked at from the bottom, and then is corrected by the tilt and shift lens to look unrdeformed. However, these are just the most common types of lenses. DependingThere are other types of lenses that extend the range of possibilities by modifying the bokeh shape and the type of sharpness itself and more. Depending upon your need, you may find other useful types of categorizations offered by manufacturers., for example, when arranged by some types of use where the travel lenses can contain their smallest and more versatile models.A big aspect within of the lens world is the filtersfilter, as . itThey will modifymodifies the light that entersring the lens in several different ways. The most basic filter is the UV filter, which makes no much ofdoes not aobviously visible modifyfication to the image. This filter should not apply any alterations toalter the image - especially if its the quality of the UV lens material is high-end is high end. This is because Tthe sensor that is installed on most DSLR’s already blocks the same light that the filterey blocks (UV) is already being blocked by the sensor installed on most DSLRs as a protection ;to the camera's ability to capture color. hHowever, they are very useful foras a lens protection from dust, scratches, moisture, and impacts.Next, theThe most basic type of visible modification that a filter can provide will beis the amount of light that is entersing the lens. These are called neutral density filters, and t. They are measured in stop increments, so if we need to use a smaller aperture setting that is one stop brighter, this means we need to compensate it with a density filter rated -1 must compensate it. That is if we want or are limited to using the same ISO and shutter speed values while staying at the same exposure level. Some common types of uses for this kind of filter include daylight scenes that showing the movement of the clouds, or the movement of a cascade. This will requires a long exposure that will lets in a lot of light in. Some of the options include graduated versions, which resultresulting in an image being darkened only at the top, for example. The graduated filters will increase and, in some cases, the dynamic range that the camera is able to capture not only exists in both graduated density filters, and, but also variable density filters. These latster isare adjustable, and not fixed to one stop value. It and can cover great ranges and in with some instances allowsing for 1.5 up to 9 stops in a single filter by simply turning the ring.After the density filters, we have those that modify the light’s color of the light and , giving a tinge of changes toeither the entire image, or just a portion of it. In this case, we can find two classical uses, the first being the intensification, or modification of a color. , like when making a landscape have a deeper blue color. SAnd second, its use in black and white photography, where the different color filters will make their corresponding image color look brighter in the black and white resulting image and vice versa. This means that if we are looking to make the sky look darker, we can use the corresponding opposite color, this beingor a red filter. Or Alternatively, if we want a lake to look to look brighter, we can case use different types of blue filters to achieve different tones. These filters will allow for a technical modification that can be usedis used to set a specific mood, or contrast to the whole image; however they can often be substituted by a digital developing process, except for cases like black and white DSLRs or particular preferencesa digital developing process, except for cases like black and white DSLRs or particular preferences, can often substitute them.There is also a common type of filter that reduces glare. These areThis is a polarizing filtersfilter that helps to reduce the light waveslight waves coming from a specific frequency direction. This is ideal to reduces the reflected light from a river, or similar surfaces, and makes making the scene underneath visible. This filter can also make deeper blue skies, by removing the reflected light of the atmosphere; however, you should keep in mind remember that they will reduce the amount of light that entersentering the camera, as well or produce create autofocus variations.A close-up filter will modifymodifies the light in a different waydifferently through the use of a lens and, reducesing the focus distance of any lens lens, which allows and allowing for macro shots. Finally, there are other types of common filters such as those that add glare in a starry like pattern. These are called special effect filters whichfilters, which can also create a specific shape in the bokeh and, allowsing for creative variations and expressions.There are three main types of filter systems with different features, and that cover different lens types. . These have different advantages and cover different types of lenses. First, there is the circular filter that kind which screws in to the front of the lens. They are very practical because theyand can remainstay in the lens as a permanently protection and while allowing other filters of the same diameter to screw in front.the front of the other filter. One important thing to note is that when stacking elements together, their artifacts will add to one another. Though this stacking can be avoided through higher quality materials, it eventually makesr, making them eventually perceptible untilto the point where the image is no longer usableusable.. This can be avoided by using high quality materials. The main disadvantage of the screw- type filters is that they may not fit all of yourevery lens,es since their diameters may vary greatly. This can be a big budget financial problem with when using expensive filters. The square, or rectangular type, can be placed in a separate mount, and contrary to the circular type, they can work for different lenses through the use of different adapters or mounts that allow for a maximum of one per lens. The difference in price of a mount is always more convenient and not comparable to the price of the special filters. The disadvantage in this case is the size and the increment in size as te. They tend to be very bulky – especially when in comparedison to the other types. Finally, the drop-in type is used for telephoto/big lenses, where the front element can be excessively big, so the filter is placed inside of the lens, at the base where the lens is much thinner.Chapter 6: Image Creation, Composition and Basic TechniquescentertopWe can often consider the content of the image itself, or how it is expressed as the most important part of a photophotography. Sometimes the abstract images, the emotions, aesthetics, or the values of the images may be totally separated from the technical quality. Before considering a DSLR with more autofocus points, depending on the situation, it may be worth to keep in mindpoints, remember that many photographers use the manual function. This method is useful for certain situations,cases and through the display and zoom options can be just as exact or more. Sometimes, autofocus may principally be offset and will need recalibration, or simply will not work properly within reflective surfaces.The Composition is the way you are going to create the image is created through, how it is composed, framed, and captured. This will provides different moods, feelings, and can even tell a even tell a different story. This is a very subjective matter; nevertheless, there are certain rules to follow so the image isthat generally make the image generally more pleasant and close to the shapes, proportions, and paths that we tend tohumans find beautiful.One of the most basic rules is the so called Rrule of Tthirds. Following this guideline will generally make the same image look more interesting as well as attract the eyes to the points of interest first. AddingCreate a grid formed by three vertical lines and three horizontal lines that will give us four crosses. These crosses are points of interest where our subject can beis placed. Many cameras have this grid superimposed this grid in the viewfinder as an option that you can turn on and off. In occident, the eye will havehas the tendency to look first at the top left cross section. This is because ofdue to our reading habits.; however in cultures where the norm is reading from right to left, the case will be opposed, making the top right cross section the first spot where the eye may fall at first sight. Other basic rules include avoiding placing things, such as a horizontal line of a landscapeto place in things on the very center, perhaps a horizontal line of a landscape, or the elbows of people right in the frame as it, makesking them look awkward and takes focus away from the spot.or even as if the extremity was not there, attracting the attention away from the spot.The lines - and where they point -, tend to lead our the eye or attention to the point where they join the extremities. There are many samples times whenre the subject may be more or less of a protagonist, and being awareness of this will allows for a better understanding of what's the image’s story – even without context. being told by the image to someone who is not familiar or in the context of the image. This subject isolation can be achieved inby several different ways, such as visually separating it through the use of color, for example, through contrasting like in silhouettes, images or through the use of a short depth of field, as in mostt common instances.The use of patterns, geometrical shapes, and symmetry can also enhance the image aesthetics and highlight the largebig amount of objects in a scene. For example, when filling a photography with the same pattern, avoid showing the place where the number of instances finish will create the impression of an infinite number of objects.<- I DON’T KNOW WHAT THEY MEAN IN THIS SENTENCE. In this case, Aa great way to attract attention to a subject is breaking the pattern when the pattern brake,s or addinghas a different color.Diagonal lines are a good effect to add wWhen using movement ias a main subject, diagonal lines are a good way to transmit this feeling as t. They quickly providegive the impression of movement. at first glance and are often used when photographing moving cars for example. Even if the shutter speed is high and there is no visible movement through the blur, a lowest shutter speed setting would provide, the impression of movement, and it can be strongly supported tated by the composition and framing. Aside from using diagonal lines, showing the subject’s path will makealso create a difference and give ing the feeling that the subject is actually going to that areamoving.Always consider whatever is behind the subject. The background will have a great impact or can ruin a photo, if overlooked. For example, aA palm leaf placed right behind the subject can look like it is growing out of the person's head. You can use these visual effects to change the apparent size of an objects or, or give more or lessprovide importance to a specific subject. These are basic composition rules; however, avoiding the experience will allow to avoid them in certain cases can to create even stronger effects, tell better stories, or achieve better photography.Chapter 7: DSLR File Handling or Digital Developing ProcesscentertopThe process for digitallyDigitally developing a photo can be compared to the analog or physical film counterpart, and can be handled in different ways. The concept of Tthis process is relatively simple, and transformsconsists of transforming the digital values provided by the sensor into an image. The value per pixel is will be saved separately into a file, and because of the millions of pixels, this RAW file can be very large. The file size can also depend upon the camera, and the color information. The RAW file also contains information about the image, usually the camera model, brand, serial number, date, lens type, settings, used and much more included. In some cases, If the camera has this feature, the GPS information may also be included in the file details if the camera has this function.details. The camera can itself process all of thisese information, and create a jpeg, or other compressed format. The main advantage is the great reduction of file size mainly,; however with this reductioneven ,though; there will be some lost information. So Tthe image will now become harder to modify when in compared toison with the RAW files. For example, one of the greatest differences is when trying to recover dark or light areas - , this reduction in the dynamic range is one of the greatest differences, even if the image may look the same., Tthe information is still more complete in the RAW file, and unfortunately it gets dismissed inby the compression process. Many information is lost, depending on the type of compression. A good level of compression will record the same segments that are the same, as single blocks, so the uncompressing software knows what to read, or interpret, by just looking at the smaller lines of the text. A practical, and simple, example is the RAW file registering the same text multiple times for all of the same-coloured pixels that are the same color. And Iin thise same case, a jpeg file describing “A cluster of pixels of x value and color”, will in this case the text to register in the hard drive or data device will be much smaller to register in the hard drive or data device. However, these are called lossy formats because, even in a good quality setting, they will throw away information even in a good quality setting , they will throw away certain pieces of information. When using aIn a lower quality level, the image will beis modified so it can be described in shorter sentences, or algorithms that can later be interpreted by an image reader or other software. Even the RAW format may beis compressed by the camera, but there will be no loss of information, so it is a true RAW, such as the analog film, both with limits on the amount of resolution, and both with the capacity to create different images with the same information.RAW file formats are varied, and contrary to the jpeg standards, each brand uses a different algorithm to write the file. This is not always convenient in some cases as, for example,, for example, should the photographer decide choose to alter an old jpeg file, the file is not going towill not work on a newer software, and eventually making it is impossible to use the original photos. There are some propositions for standardized formats, however, and most brands now as of 2015 use a proprietary format.The developing process can be done by the manufacturer’s proposed software or a third party, where adjustments can entirely modify the image and interpret color and light in varied waysmanufacturer’s proposed software or a third party, where adjustments can entirely modify the image and interpret color and light in varied ways, can do the developing process. After adjusting these, some modifications can be done onto the photo, such as cropping, sharpness, noise elimination or additional, color filters, and much more. This process is of great helps however to produceget the image we need in the camera, rather in postproductionand will eliminate a lot of wasted time on a computer, allowing for more time behind the camera than behind a computer for example. It will also increase the range of modifications, but keep in mind a completely black image can still be recovered to a visible point.During the developing process, the color is interpreted. Some colors may change depending onwith the color of the light. For example, a white piece of paper may look yellow or blue. To correct this, the white balance is used. This can be done automatically by the DSLR algorithms, built in the camera’s software, or in post-productionThe DSLR algorithms, built in the camera’s software, or in post-production, can do this automatically. A most reliable, but still automatic, way to represent colors as they are in real life is through the camera presets. These presets are usually described as day light, cloudy, incandescent light, fluorescent light, flash, etc. Perhaps the final photo may beis of a yellowish tone, to set a warmer ambience. However, if the image aims to be faithful to reality, the white balance should be set by photographing a white image under that lightphotographing a white image under that light should set the white balance. This process is used can be used through the help of special cards, a completely white paper, or other accessories, such as a lens cap, then using this image as the white balance setting for the image we are about to create.Chapter 8: Common Types of Accessories, Description, Techniques and Tips.center-17647 There is a largen infinite number amount of possibilities thato extend a DSLR’s capabilities -, whether you prefer to use a small single prime lens during your travel, with no flash, and no tripod, or mount, or. Or a studio that will automatically fires the camera when the drop breaks a laser beam. The flexibility of a on DSLRs is among the greatest compared to many toolsone of its biggest assets. The camera’s ports are often standard, such as with the HDMI, and areof the cameras used to trigger the shot, trigger flashes, or communicate with a display. are often standard, like the standard HDMI.If you can think of aIf you would like a function that you would like automated, precisely controlled, or activated as a response to an external stimulus -, such as sound, or an atmospheric pressure sensor -, the chances are this device probably exists, and can be ordered onlineonline so it won't be even hard to find. For the rest of thosethe remaining accessories, you can simply as well ask someone to design or create your own electronics, which is simpler than it sounds. This is done throughFrom a simple circuit that closes, and, in doing so, triggers the camera when two objects come in contact to motorized tripods that t can follows a star movement. This effectnt to creates shocking time-lapses, or long exposure photography. The possibilities are evenremain endless for some of the listed essential equipment listed that are essential withinfor certain types of professional photography when making it professionally.Starting Beginning with the camera operation and control, some important maintenance equipment, such as a microfiber cloth, often comes with the camera such as microfiber clothcamera. If dust spots begin to start to appear in the images, you may need an air blower to eliminate dust from the camera's sensor. A more sophisticated device for this function may look different, but Mmany professional photographers use a baby nose blower, as its functionality makes up for the lack of sophistication. A DSLR protective case, or skin, together combined with screen and display protectors will extend the equipment life, help toit to protect it from rain, and make it safer.rain or make it less eye sparkling to thieves. Underwater, or submergible, casings are also available in soft and hard coversversions. A camera bag is something to consider if you wishant to easily transport a lot ofmany accessories conveniently. in a very convenient manner, where you can have everything within reach. The idealA camera bag that is also versatile, and adjustsable to accommodate various accessories such as lenses, filters, and flash is also more desirable. You may need an external hard drive as a backup; as, often only 2 backups isare considered safe.All of Tthese basic accessories may be necessaryeded for certain cases;, however, none of them affect the image, itself or how it iscan be captured. Outlined The next is a basic , must-know equipment list that shows all of the necessary accessoriesof those that alters either the image indirectly, or the information that is registered, such as an external GPS, but not necessarily the light or scene.? Tripod: This piece can come in a variety of forms, weights, sizes, and mechanical capabilities. The first useIts main purpose is to avoid involuntary hand movement so that that means longer exposures can be taken, reachedwhich is and sometimes is the only way to create an image. It may be useful when creating panorama photos,s or (merging several images together,taking several images and merging them together afterwards) to create HDR images. A tripod could also be used to or simply extend the camera beyondfrom the photographer. Some variations ants include monopods, or small tripods with flexible legs that can hold towrap around irregular shapes.? Remote trigger: There are wireless, and wired, buttons that will work as an extension of the shutter button. The first use, chronologically speaking,Initially, its purpose was to remove the shake produced by the hand of the person. Now, remote triggers they include different functions, such as like the ability to programming the device to take numerous multiple images at athe desired rate. This timer allows the photographer to create self-portraits, modify the scene, or create time-lapses for example, where a video is created by using several photographs with seconds, hours, or days of difference between one and otherbetween them.? External GPS: This device can recordrecords the exact location and altitude of the camera in the RAW file. Some cameras have this option installed internally, or allow for an external device to be connectedconnect, through a cable, or a grip, that attaches to the bottom of the camera. However, the device does not require need to be connected to the camera itsel, as af. A different technique includes using a regular GPS that trackstores the photographer’s route path. This information can is later be used to determine the exact position of each photography. The only requirement is thatfor both devices -, the camera and the GPS track recorder -, to have a synchronized date and time. Then a third party software can then be used to automatically register the information forto each image.e automatically. However, a simpler or automatedmethod way is to use a dedicated device that registers the GPS information to the memory card, so a no computer is not needed.? Flash stands: Similar to a tripod, this stand can holdholds the flash in a specific location, and easily above the head., and It includes assorted other features such as,options , like holdingbalancing other extensions thato position athe flash above someone’s head, as well as, together with diffusers and otheror flash accessories. They tend to have a hook on the bottom thato place weight, and increases wind resistancehelp the stand resist wind.?Flash triggers: This type of device allows the camera to extend the flash position, or simultaneously trigger several flashes.of them at same time. They can beare placed on top of the camera, where the flash is located, and the wireless flash is on top of the receivers. It is often a must-have devicenecessary for studio photography, where several flash speedslites or strobes are usedneeded.Light Modification11523261828? Flash light: In this category, we can find the flash in its classical form, which is being attached to the top of the camera where the hot shoe is, or toin the same place as the flash trigger. Aside from providing the the amount of necessary light, they can include other functions, such as automatically setting the powerit to automatically to achieve the a correct photo exposure of the photograph. One common system is the TTL; however there may be variations, or improvements, to this system. Usually, the flash and the DSLR not only communicate to know how much the exact amount of power is needed to illuminate the scene as desireddesired scene. AnoOther common function is tadjusting the zoom’s flash of the flash being adjusted to the focal length of the camera. In this,, so that if we are shooting at 80mm, the flash zooms as well and focuses the light on the part of the scene at the same speedscene to photograph, i. nstead ofRather than illuminating the wholeall the area every single time, as if the current lens or focal length was a wide angle. Flashes can illuminate a scene in many different ways, as softer shadows are createdperhaps by bouncing the light from the ceiling or a wall, to create softer shadows, or directed from behind the subject to create a ring of light around their hair. They can be combined with long exposures in dark scenes to create double exposures, or high- speed photography, for example. The ways to use for them iscan be very varied, and does depends on how the photographer wants to manipulate the light.n't depend on the amount of light available or needed, but on how we want the light to behave.? Strobe lighting: This source of light source is normally used in a studio and works similarly to flash lighting. The main advantages of this are the power and the number of times amount that they can flash per second. They are more practical, for some cases however, they are also farmuch less portable. A constant light is included right next to the bulb that emits the flash, and it llowing for a real time view shows the photographer how for the photographer to how the scene will look once the strobe fires , this time with the appropriate high power.? Flash diffusers or modifiers: There are many types of flash diffusers or modifiers. A common flash may include builtt- in functions, in the form of a card or translucent material, that pops out of the head of the flash in the form of a card or translucent material.. This built-in flash diffuser will reflects the light to create a bigger area of illumination or points the light to a wider angle. In doing so,, so that it can can reflect againstfrom the walls, or simply illuminate a wider scene., like in the case of a wide angle shot. The built-in function may not be sufficient for situations where a bigger diffuser is necessary, and so However, when we need a big diffuser, the built-in function may not be sufficient. In this case, you canwe can reflect the light from a clear surface, wall, or ceiling, withor a diffuser accessory that would normally attaches to the flash. The diffusery can simply reflects the light, or uses translucent tissues - or plastics - in the form of an umbrella. The forms may vary but Tthey will work to all aim to create a largerbigger surface from where the subject is illuminated in contrast to the hard looking direct flash light. This will results in softer, or absent shadows. Other types of light modifiers include the so- called beauty dishes, or rings,rings or others and t. Their main purpose is to create a specific shape that controls so the shadows are controlled together with the reflections.? Flash gels: These accessories are a soft plastic that modifyfies the color of the flash. Most flashes will deliver a white to slightly yellow light. This is rated in temperature, and is indicated by the manufacturer so that the light can either be uniform, or match other types of light. This wayThrough this, the photo can be color-managed to make all whites look white once thewith the correct white balance is used. Flash gels can may also help to balance differences any difference in between flashes, set a scene mood, or modify the white balance of the subject. This means that Iif we use a blue gel on our subject and compensate for the blue tones, our subject will appear faithful in the final image to its real colors; h. However, the background, untouchedreached by the blue flash gel, will be overcompensated in the other direction. This effect will createcreates a red, and visually dramatic background imageworld behind.? Reflectors: A good way to control the Llight can be controlledis through reflecting the main source of light source. This tool will bounces the light into a warmer color onby one side of the image, and a white reflector remains along by the other side.e in most cases. This technique successfully works great to fills up dark spaces throughcreated by hard shadows, or modifiesy the artificial light. Cutting cardboard into a circle, and covering it with aluminum, easily makes this tool.This tool can be easily created by cutting cardboard in a circular shape and cover it with aluminum. Perhaps Tthis homemade device can be a perfect learning tool; however, a dedicated device is better in terms offor portability and durability as they normally since they usually fold compactly.? White balance accessories: The most common type of white balance accessoryies isare the white balance cap, or white balance cards. The WB cap is practical to use assince the lens cap will works as a white translucent receptor that set, allowing to set the correct white balance for the scene. However Tthe cards allow for a finer control, and the black and white can help to set the correct exposure to show pure blacks and/or whites in the final photography.? Lens hood: This device attaches to the lens in the front, part and acts as our eyelashes by createsing a shadow in the front element - or glass - of the lens. This will reduces the reflections created by the sun, or lights striking directly to the interior of the lens. Besides enhancing the contrast of the image Iit will enhance the contrast, and the colors, and help to protect the lens against unduenecessary impact.Chapter 9: Introduction and Tips for Wedding PhotographycentertopJust as in composition, following some rules for certain situations will create allow us to create great photographs., even our own creativity and experience will be able to go beyond any rule.A solidgood recommendation, especially for wedding photography, is to gain experience asstart as a second photographer, or an assistant. Due to the importance of the eventevent’s importance, it mightay be considered risky to photograph start a wedding photography business without prior experience covering such a once in a life time event. With enough experience, and the correct tools, we can achieveamazing great photography is possible. Starting with the equipment, we can use a bright lens that will allowallows subject isolation us to isolate the subject through the shallow depth of field, such as a 50mm ? 1.8.. Higher focal lengths and bright apertures are of great advantagecrucial to for portraits. In the case ofWith indoor photography, a wider angled lens together with thecombined with the camera flash pointing up to bouncinge from the ceiling is a good way to createget soft shadows while still gettingmaintaining a well illuminated indoor scene, and still have the portability of the DSLR portability withouth no separate stands or flashes. A zoom or multipurpose lens that allows to switch switches from low to high focal lenses is also an option. Ideally, two DSLRs with different focal lengths lenses isare preferred. Make sure toEnsure that there are enough have enough batteries and backup memory cards forto your computer, or external drive, included. It might also be wise to include a secondary back up, in case of any failureas well as a separate second backup. It is important to feel comfortable with both the DSLR and its technical knowledge. Feeling comfortable with your DSLR and the technical knowledge around it is a must.In an event like this, Iit is important to be aware of the entire situation,the situation as a whole and make sure to capture the key moments, as well as, the , people, guests and beauty of the place through both, complete scenes, and macro, or detail photography. Aand plane or anticipate – or plan, if you can - the situation so that you can beare present there for the most important moments. Make sure to set expectations with the couple, or event organizer. first.Normally a wedding is will be composed at least bofy the following sessions and/or shots:? Pre-wedding or engagement session: A session with the couple before the ceremony in a location of their preferencetheir preferred location. Generally, the style of shoot is formal. as well as style they prefer with a tendency to be formal.? Preparation: An important part of the process for wedding photography is documenting the couple’s individual preparation. Documenting the preparation is an important part of the photography during a wedding. For example, when the mom is helpinghelps the bride with the dress’s zipper, hair, buttons, or veil perhaps. Or, when tThe father seesing the bride, and other key moments are equally just as important as the other details like such as the bride’s and the bridesmaids’ bouquets.? Ceremony: Captureing the event starts with shots of the place before anyone arrives person arrives. It is then followed by capturing special moments like capturing family and friends in a separate manner as wellCapturing special moments like family and friends as they arrive is also important. For example, close ups of the hands wearing the bands and of course the kiss. This should be finished with photos of the couple hugging their friends and family before they leave.1460479188640? Reception: To wholly document this and capture this part entirely, it is a good idea to tryideal to get being there before everyone else arrives to capture the place before the party beginsbody and capture the place and details with no people. Then Sshoot the entire event, with extra attention on making sure to capture key moments as well,such as the first dance, including musicians, cake, important dances, toasts, and finally the bride and groom’s departurem leaving.This is just an introduction however Iit is advisable ideal to make set a checklist with the couple, or organizer, to determine exactly which shots should be included, guests to include, and even who is making the toasts so you are located in a correct position ahead of time. If you shoot first as a second photographer, you can show an album of your photoscreate a portfolio for future events and clients. before agreeing or signing a contract so they know exactly what to look for.Chapter 10: Introduction and Tips to Landscape PhotographycentertopIn landscape photography, we tend to capture the world;Landscape photography focuses on all aspects of the world, including urban and rural areas. however urban areas or a mix of both is a common practice as well. This is why when photographing landscapes, a low focal length (under 30mm) is preferablered as it to highlights the big extension of an area, and captures a bigger space. A polarized filter can be used tTo capture greater color and contrast. , we can use a polarizing filter. GenerallyIn general, a low ISO, and closed aperture, will make forcreates the best quality, but it is more convenient to look atlearn the specific equipment and choose. we are using and knowing the sweet spots together with a tripod. Aside from the knowing what the equipment is, are and how to handle it, patience and analysis are important factors to capture the best scenes. Depending on where you want the clouds to be angled or at which side the subject will be taken, Tthis decision will plays a major role in the composition, and the type of illumination. A common rule is to wait for the golden hour, before the sunl light completely disappears, but after the sun is producingproduces hard shadows. The light will beis reflected from the sky, asnd the tone varies and will bechanges, different as well, depending onaccording to the geographical location. This is also known as the magic hour. This type of light varies in tone, depending on the geographical position as well . Another important moment is the blue hour, which occurshappens when the sun dips below is under the horizon line. This of the horizon , givesing a low, but soft, blue light that is well distributed around the whole scenethroughout the scene.Chapter 11: Introduction and Tips to Wildlife PhotographycentertopWildlife, or nature photography, can varyvaries from one area to another. The basics will include a high focal length or zoom lens mixed with a macro lens to capture fauna naturallywithout them reacting to our presence. This should be the real aim of every nature and wildlife photographer. It is important to capture the essence of wildlife; therefore, the photographer must be invisible within the location. In most cases, this is ideal,highly preferred, however, some impactful ing shots includes aninclude the animal that looksing straight at the photographer. Camouflaging our equipment with foliage patterns or militarized looking coverscovers is also an option to consider. In the case of wildlife, knowing the type ofwhich animal we aim to capture is very useful. If you want to attract a specific animal, find it, or capture it, make sure you have researched enough to know its behaviors and living patterns.Because ofDue to the constant movement within nature’s constant movement, and wildlife, a bright, and long focal length lens is preferred. An ? 2.8 and 135mm lens is a good starting point,es are a good point to begin with but that is not a strict requirement. This will allows us to freeze the movement of nature. However The most important tiply is to gethow much are we familiarized with theour equipment and understand the importance of patiencehow patient and analytic we are willing to be. This will make for a more special scene or the exact image we wanted to capture. It Ssometimes, it takes days just to get a shot of a specific animal, or a specific natural phenomenphenomenona. It is very important for photographers to have a ton of patience and perseverance; otherwise the peace and quiet in nature may bore themit is very easy to give up.center36758The angle Iin this case, the angle may be more important than in other types of photography., showing Aa frame of foliage aroundwhile looking at an animal may shiftposition the point of view as that ofto a predator. The perspective, in this case, has will have a bigger impact. In the case ofComparatively, a macro shot of a bee , positioned oning a flower ion the background may entirely change the image's value.Chapter 12: Introduction and Tips to Food PhotographycentertopWhen the proper light and composition is used, fFood photography can exponentially enhance the appearance of a dish exponentially. in comparison to what it actually looks like by using the correct light and composition. Close shots - or different arrangements - will make some food appear more abundant, shiny, colored, or simply appetizing. Most dishes look better when they are in some way moist, like haveing sauce or oil, poured on them as , oil or anything that makes the food look newer and fresher. This can be seen at first glanceshown in a photographyphotography, by playing with the reflections and, creating contrast. This can be created by usingIn doing this, artificial but soft light can be shown as coming from behind the food. The way to playTinkering with the ingredients and elements of a dish can make forcreate a great image, together withespecially when combined with raw ingredients that were used to create the dish. You can Considerthink of the best qualities of theyour dish, such as the color, softness, or crispness, and play with the light to be sureensure that they are shown on or even enhanced in the final image.center97932Keep in mind your goal in mind, so that it is easier to find different ways to to acachieve itthis. For example, if you need a shot of something very hot, too much time may pass lining up your photo for it to still be warm. by the time you find the exact composition the dish may not be steaming anymore. In this case, you can use a steam- cleaning machine to create smoke. Perhaps, you need to use a lot of wine and have no use for it right afterwards. Well, In this case, water and food color may work as a substitution if wine is not the main subject of the photo. just as well if the coup of wine is not the main subject.Chapter 13: Introduction and Tips to Children PhotographycentertopThe subject matters more iIn children’s photography, than in other types of photography. we may want to enhance the importance on the subject more than in other type of photography, as well as show the person in a more faithful manner. The face of Aa person will have look different different looks depending on the focal length. Think of how some elements of the face are deformed and appear bigger when we look through the door viewer, which is the same as a fish eye view, or wide- angle focal length.Therefore, a 50mm50mm or 85mm focal lengths are good starting points, as they will make the subject appear more attractive and are a good point to start. Higher focal lengths will create for great, and different results as well, but keep in mindremember to show a person’s full body, with a zoom focal length, as it will require for the photographer to step further away, and ana 85mm lens will make it hard for a fullfull body photography indoors to cover the subject.Just as in portrait photography, the main value of the photograph y most of times is the subject, and its emotions being conveyed. If you are show ing the face or the body in opposition to a scene where the environment, or context, is the main protagonist, be careful to focus on the eyes. The basic recommendation for child photography is to create shots where tith the camera is being at the same height asof their head. This will prevent shots that look down at themlooking down on them where theand this angle is not always the most convenient or and flattering. Aside from it being a cliché, the resulting image may result slightly boring or not be as engaging.Chapter 14: Introduction and Tips to Portrait photographyThe main subject(s) in pPortrait photography consists of is either having a person, or a group of people as the main subject. Their look and expression play a major role, on the image and can tell a big part of their story we want to tell about them, for example their situation, they are involved in or simply their emotion.the emotions we want to express through their images.Bright lenses, and different artificial lighting, are often important -, especially in studio photography. The position of the light’s position often alters the expression or dramatic feeling of the scene’s expression. As for the lenses and its settings, settings used, the basic requirements includes a bright 50mm lens or higher, in focal length because of itsthe effect on the face it has on the face, such as the deformations of the space that come with wide- angle lenses. The lens brightness brightness of the lens isolates is necessary to isolate the subject, which is a common practice in portrait photography.In a studio, the classical set-up includes three main lights that are categorized as 3 main lights form the classical setup. They are categorized theas key light, fill light, and accent light. The key light will illuminates the subject’s face, and is usually positioned in front and slightly above the subject. The fill light will eliminates dark spots,areas and is positioned on the opposite site ofopposite the key light, slightly to the front, and at the height of the camera. Its function is to reduces contrast as desired -, usually 1 to 3 stops lower than the main light. Finally,, the accent light will illuminates the subject from behind, and createsing a ring aroundon their hair or other part of them. subject. For example, several of them to create a ring around an object placed on the subject's hand to give it importance in the scene through separation of it from the background and the addition of contrast.Aside from the classical setup, it is common to use only one light, and in some cases not even pointing it atto the subject but insteadpointing it to the background andto create a silhouette. A good technique practice to find the effect you had in minddesired effect, or discover attractive appealing setups, is to darken the scene entirely and gradually illuminate it with the scene with one light at a time. This will gives photographers a good control, and allows for the creation of a complex scene.Chapter 15: Introduction and Tips to Night PhotographycentertopNight photography has a tendency to beis mesmerizing becauseas it shows us aspects that we do not normally see. things that we are not used to seeing. The basic - and necessary - equipment for night photography includes a tripod, perhaps wide- angle lenses, a flash with a wireless device, and a lens hood.The need of a tripodA tripod is necessary is due to the for the required long exposures. Since the shutter speeds needs to capture more light, the use of a tripod is a musta tripod is crucial. With a tripod, the shutter speed can be very slowly exposeletting the sensor be exposed to the light for long periods of time. The wide-a angle lens is necessary, as we may be capturing a landscape; however, a telephoto or zoom lens can be necessary depending oncan also improve the situation. In this case, the stiffness of the tripod’s stiffness will will be necessary to avoid shaking, or blurry images , with long exposure and high focal lengths, even steps on certain types of floors will create blur and ruin the image. The flash can help to illuminate showcases big subjects, and even the entire subject, under this type ofthese conditions. Finally, the lens hood will beis required to to eliminatee the light coming from cars, houses, or other invisible sources that were not visiblesources. before. In this case, as we increase the captured light captured, the haze produced by this secondary sources of light can reduces the contrast, or creates artifacts where to the point where the image is no longer usable.To capture the sky even away from cities will have a great impact on the final image and allow for the Milky Way galaxy to be visible with no special lens.Chapter 16: Tips for Improving Your Instagram PhotographyInstagram is a very popular service and you can upload your DSLR images to it. The next tips aim for improving your photography to be used within the application. Even if the application has a powerful editing app, developing your images outside of it will let you have more control. However if you want to upload your images quicker, the editing application provided by the manufacturer will be of a greater help. Depending on the event or images you are sharing, time can be very important. Sharing the image in a promptly manner is often just as important as the image.Another important aspect that makes for great Instagram photography is the story or message the image is telling. Some of the most popular images in the already popular app are what can be considered conceptual photography. The main characteristic of this style of photography is the visualization or expression of an idea. Instagram is not limited to this however you can create great Instagram photography by asking yourself what is that your image is telling or not telling. For example, the mystery and questions that the image is able to convey.Being a social media app, an excellent tip is also the use of themes that are common to most people. This is the reason some of the most popular images are a mix of common subjects, such as pets, famous people, or everyday life objects, and a mix of conceptual images or the addition of an extra element in most cases. Cups of coffee in beautiful tables, people enjoying nature with an object that place the context of the image in another mood like a cup of champagne making it all feel like a celebration, famous people doing everyday life things in a cliché angle are all great photography subjects.Bonus Chapter: HYPERLINK "" Know Your Rights as a PhotographercentertopPhotography- related boundaries, laws, and rights can beare polemic and vary a lot depending on the exact location. It is very important to get familiarized with the laws of the country or region, as well asand the practiced customs and traditions practiced. For example, in street photography, especially when photographing children, the laws will probably allow probably won't deny the freedom to photograph whatever you are looking at in whatever is in thea public space as it is not private spacethere isn't a reasonable expectation of privacy. Nevertheless, it is probable thatfor a parent will to react in a negative way if they see a person taking photos of their children without prior consent., even aggressively towards a situation like this being this perhaps more socially acceptable. Security cameras at banks, supermarkets, and more, capture our daily activities 24 hours a day, making ourwhich makes our image available to thousands of employees that are capable of capture and distribute or photo just as wellcan then view or distribute the photo. When thinking of aIn this situation, it is likely that the business is not using a DSLR, but rather where damage or a crime is to be committed, using a tool to capture our image, chances are this person isn't using a DSLR, but a less artistic, less expensive, and more discrete device. However, it is a common occurrence for to have authorities to mistakenly telling photographers that they do not have the right to photograph certain public spaces. It will depends upon the place and time, but it is very unlikely that they do have the right to force you to delete, or delivertake your photography equipment - unless they provide a court order. Throughe communication, formal and resolution of the situation isn formal manner are likely to have better results, especially when combined with knowledge of your rights. , together with your knowledge of your rights.In occident or First World countries, the general rules mainly are as follows: Anyone can photograph anything in public, as long as it is not directly showing private spaces, or breaking someone’s clear expectation of privacy. Private property owners have the right to prohibit photography inside of the area or property itself; however, they do not have the right to prohibit someone from capturing the space from outside their area. There may be exceptions with military installations, nuclear facilities, or similar organizations. Other restrictions may include standing, or using equipment in places where the public order is put to risk or is altered, but they are not related to the fact of photography itself.In general, you are not obligated to give explanations as to why areprovide a reason for you photographing a particular subject in a public area, unless it is causesing serious annoyance, and/ or can be considered as a harassment. On the contrary, it is unlawful to be detained with no clear indication as to of which law, or particular regulation, is being applied. As a disclaimer, do keep in mind that this cannot be considered legal advice, and it is highly recommended that you approach a local organization or law firm to clarify anythose blurred boundaries as much as possible, so that you can stay be on the right side every time. HYPERLINK "" Basic Image Backup Tips for BeginnerscentertopImage backup is a basic and important aspect that which can beis easily dismissed. Storage devices are not reliable, over time and can be easily damaged due to humidity, dust, or, due to usage. Two backups aside from the original storage location may seem unnecessary but it is often worth the investmentit. Ideally they should be placed in different storage devices as to prevent theft, or natural occurrenceeventualities. One rain leakage can damage storage devices; thus, erasing files that are containworth decades of work. The suggested type of device to use as a backup is as follows:? External hard drive: This may be one of the cheapest options; however, it is less reliable in comparisonwhen compared towith other types of devices, and it does non't provide much a lot of space.? External solid state drive: The speed, portability, and reliability are the main advantages; however, the cost of a unit is much higher than a hard drive disc, and the storage capacity is limited as well.Whatever storage device you choose, Tthe process for whichever storage device you use can be automated, or scheduled through the manufacturer software, or most common photography software, such as Lightroom from Adobe or similar. Refer to the chart below to know which size or amount of storage capacity you should consider:First, you should know how much space each photo uses. each photo you make takes. This will vary between models, and the image, and itself, as well as itsthe format. A good reference point to start with is found below.For RAW images:ResolutionSpace12 MP21-36 MB14 MP25-42 MB16 MP28-48 MB18 MP32-54 MB20 MP35-60 MB24 MP42-72 MB28 MP49-84 MB32 MP56-96 MB38 MP66-114 MB45 MP80-135 MBFor JPEG format:ResolutionAverage space (Varies more than RAW format)12 MP6 MB14 MP7 MB16 MP8 MB18 MP10 MB20 MP11 MB24 MP14 MB28 MP16 MB32 MP19 MB38 MP20 MB45 MP25 MBFinally, to know the amount of images that canhow many images can fit in a single device, simply divide the storage device size in MB rather than Gigabytes by the size of your image. To change from GB to MB multiply the GB capacity of the device by 1,024 and the result will be converted to MB.A DSLR can store images in the card, or directly to your computer folder through different accessories, Wi-Fi, or special SD cards with Wi-Fi. They may also work with many DSLRs through adapters as well. HYPERLINK "" Cloud Storage for PhotographersCloud storage can be a safer way to back up your images. This service has consists of internetInternet communicatetion directly to their own storage devices -, usually including multiple backups themselves. This type of back- up is very convenient, normally more secure, and can be accessed from anywhere with an internetInternet connection only. As for privacyFor privacy, you can password protect your any folders before uploading them to the service, and you can ensure that not even hackers or people working on the site are likely to access your images. However mostMost of these sites do allow for functions thats to share specific folders to other users, or anyone else with access to the link.Some of Tthe most common types of cloud applications, or services, will vary in prices depending on the current plans, bandwidths, extra users, or storage capacity. The most common isare Dropbox with a free storage limit of around 2 GB: yet,B and increasing amounts of people depending on the plan, Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, Amazon, and Flickr. HYPERLINK "" How to Recover Deleted Photographs from Memory CardsIf you happen to erase the entire contents in a given memory card, or any storage device, the first thing to do is properly disconnect the device, or extract the memory card from the camera. The type of erasing method used by DSLRs is a superficial onesuperficial, and so, t. The data is not going to really going to be deleted, at the moment but simply tagged as a space to write new information. This means that new photographs will be stored on the same place, and the original files will noon't be visible. Until new data is written, the erased images are intact, and can be recovered.To do this, connect the card to an external reader, or directly to the computer, and use thean appropriate software. Many options are open source, or just free, and are likely to use similar algorithms. Some of the recovery software options are Recuva, Pandora Recovery, and Wise Data recovery and others. To make sureensure that they are working properly, you can make a first test in a USB key instead. Make sure to keep the images that are not viewable, and s. Some of them may be opened by other types of recovery tools, or image editing software. HYPERLINK "" How to Organize Pictures Image organization is an important aspect that does non't require mucha lot of time; however, it can save hours, or days, of work in the long run. To do this, we should focus on making our photos easy to find because within a few years they will easily reach numbers of over 10,000 or even 100,000. it is easy to acquire thousands of photos. To beginstart, we can organize folders by date - , preferably monthly. Make sure that your camera has the correct date and time to help with the organization.Though thee folder structure is important, but a more important time-consuming aspect aspect and sometimes time consuming is to create keywords. The files will beare stored in the RAW, or original file. When using keywords in file names, it can helps to find an image among thousands of images in just a seconds. If you remember an image, you made and you created the correct keyword key worded it correctly through the software of your choice, all you need to do isthat is left is to type in the search field of your computer or photography folder is the subject name, or other key elements, such as like the images’s center of attentionn of the image. This will beis enough to show exactly the image you were looking forwanted, or to see it within place it between a few other options.To do the keywording processcreate a keyword correctly and efficiently, you can do it while importing the images or in bulk, so you can, for example, download the photos of the day, and write the keywords that are relevant to the images like the name of the location and finally entering the names of the people. Some services, or plugins, may even allow for automatic face tagging; however, because of of the lack of reliability of this system’s lack of reliability, most important photography software companies do not tend to include this feature. If you want to extend your keywords in detail, you can think of naming the place (This can be done automatically through the GPS information), naming the type of photo , assuch as landscape, macro, black and white, and the details of the subject and activity, etc.GPS location information is a different way to organize one’s photos. If the image does no't have a location information, you can add it manually through a most popular software programsas well.Rating photos is also one way to help you find the best images. It is an important part of the process that can eventually help you locate fine photos. So when you need to make an album as a portfolio, gift, or work, you can deliver the images you want in a glance by combining all of thaet information. For example, we can create an album that containscontaining only images from certain areas, labeled with the keyword macro, and rated 4 stars or more.Cleaning and Maintaining Camera GearTo maintain our camera gear and to ensuremake sure it is not deteriorating, or creating bad quality images, we can follow some routine maintenance procedures every once in a while., depending on the exposition to dust and other elements.Firstly, we should keep an eye on thosewatch the elements that directly form part of the image directly. These are the most sensitive parts and are composed of the camera sensor and differentas well as elements of the lens. To clean the sensor, try to useing just an air- blowing accessoryy may be preferred. There are also some accessories thato physically remove dust particles from the sensor by means of sponges or sticky materials that leave no residue. Before you proceed to cleaning your cameracleaning the camera, you should go to the menu of the DSLR, and go into cleaning mode, and remove the lens. This will remove the mirror, from the way and open the curtains that protecting the sensor so you can access it more easily. It is very inconvenient to access it through other methods, such as long exposure photos, bulb mode, etc. as this may irreparably damage the sensor and mechanical parts -. eEven a tiny scratch may result to a very damaging and expensive effectin damage.One way to protect the sensor is to Try to aavoid dust particles from entering the sensor in the first place. Avoid changing lensess in dusty, or industrial, places. Even if the area looks like it has no dustdoes not have dust, try to change the lens quickly, and with the camera pointing downwards or slightly downwards. This can be a personal preference, but also keep in mind, the professional services that your manufacturer offers for cleaning, and the time that it will take to get back your equipment. offered by your manufacturer and the time it will take for them to get back your equipment.As for the lens, a you can make a superficial cleaning can be completed forof both of the exposed elements once they are removed from the DSLR using a microfiber cleaning cloth,e and perhaps dedicated fluids for lens cleaning to remove the grease. A deeper cleaning that removes dust or fungus may need a professional service to remove dust or fungus growing inside.As for Tthe external parts of the camera , it may be mainly aesthetic, but it isit is still important to preventavoid dirt and humidity from getting into the camera, as itthey may damage the buttons, mechanicsal parts, or create oxidation that which can eventually reach for the sensor. Also, keep in mindremember that the accessories and the cases since they are in direct contact with the camera. It may just be an accessory to your camera, but since it has direct contact to electronics, it should be cleaned as well. This will help keep the camera life longer. ................
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