Biogeochemical---The chemical interactions that exist ...



biogeochemical---The chemical interactions that exist between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. 

Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)---

|term |definition or information |diagram or picture |

|water cycle |movement of water from the atmosphere to Earth and |[pic] |

| |back to the atmosphere | |

| |powered by the sun | |

| |Water runoff on the surface can carry pesticides, | |

| |fertilizers, insecticides, and other pollutants. | |

| |Glaciers and icebergs contain freshwater. | |

|precipitation |water in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail |[pic] |

| |about 91% of precipitation falls into the ocean | |

| |falls on land which renews the supply of fresh water| |

|evaporation |the sun’s heat causes water to change from a liquid | |

| |to a vapor which enters the atmosphere | |

|condensation |water vapor cools process of changing from a gas or |[pic] |

| |vapor to a liquid | |

|ground water |precipitation seeps into the ground where it is |[pic] |

| |stored in underground caverns or in porous rock | |

| |may stay in the ground for hundreds or even | |

| |thousands of years | |

| |provides water to the soil, streams, rivers, and | |

| |oceans | |

|transpiration |process by which plants return water to the |[pic] |

| |atmosphere | |

| |plants absorb water from the ground |[pic] |

| |loss of water from plant leaves through openings | |

| |called stomata (Desert plants close the stomata | |

| |during the day.) | |

| |helps plants stay cool | |

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Carbon Cycle (carbon-oxygen cycle)---

|carbon cycle |movement of carbon and oxygen between the | |

| |atmosphere, oceans, plants, animals and the | |

| |ground | |

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|humus |in soil which is formed when dead organisms |[pic] |

| |decay | |

| |carbon in the decaying material is released into| |

| |the atmosphere as CO2 | |

|decomposition |breakdown of dead materials into carbon dioxide |[pic] |

| |and water | |

| |decomposers such as fungi and bacteria break | |

| |down dead organisms and recycle the nutrients | |

| |decaying trees contribute to the health of an | |

| |ecosystem | |

|combustion |process of burning fossil fuels |[pic] |

| |coal, oil, and natural gas return to atmosphere | |

| |as CO2 when burned | |

| |provides much of the fuel people need to drive | |

| |cars, heat homes, make electricity | |

| |acid rain | |

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|photosynthesis |plants use carbon dioxide from the air to make |6CO2 + 6H2O + energy→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 |

| |sugars and release oxygen | |

| |Most animals get the carbon they need by eating | |

| |plants. |[pic] |

| |chemical reaction where light is converted into | |

| |chemical energy | |

| |Plants do not require other | |

| |organisms for energy. | |

| |The source of the carbon | |

| |in glucose is the carbon | |

| |dioxide in the air. | |

| |Plants make glucose to use for energy or to | |

| |store as starch for later use. | |

| |A plant uses glucose to make cellulose when it | |

| |links many simple units of glucose together. | |

| |Photosynthetic organisms such as plants use | |

| |light energy to produce a carbohydrate | |

| |(glucose). | |

| |process in which the energy in sunlight is | |

| |stored in the bonds of glucose for later use | |

|respiration |exchange of gases between living cells and their|C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |

| |environment | |

| |Animals and plants both respire (breathe) | |

| |During respiration, sugar molecules are broken |[pic] |

| |down to release energy. | |

| |how cells get their energy | |

| |Carbon dioxide and water are released as | |

| |byproducts. | |

| |cellular respiration---the reactions within | |

| |cells which result in the synthesis of ATP using| |

| |energy stored in glucose | |

Nitrogen Cycle---

|term |definition or information |diagram or examples |

|nitrogen cycle |movement of nitrogen between the atmosphere to |[pic] |

| |the plants and animals | |

| |most abundant element in atmosphere---about 78%| |

| |needed for proteins and DNA | |

| |Proteins are required for the life processes | |

| |that take place in the cells of all organisms. | |

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| |animals get the nitrogen they need by eating | |

| |plants or animals | |

| |important to add nitrogen to the soil since | |

| |farming depletes the usable nitrogen in the | |

| |soil | |

| |Farmers replace nitrogen in the soil by growing| |

| |nitrogen-fixing crops or using fertilizers that| |

| |contain nitrogen compounds that plants need for| |

| |growth. (soybeans) | |

|nitrogen fixation |process where some types of soil bacteria can |[pic] |

| |form the nitrogen compounds plants need | |

| |bacteria break down dead organisms and their | |

| |wastes which makes nitrogen gas (N2) | |

| |bacteria turn nitrogen into ammonia (NH3) and | |

| |then use it to make substances such as protein | |

| |Plants absorb these nitrogen compounds through | |

| |their roots. | |

| |Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to | |

| |ammonia in the soil. | |

| |Bacteria are essential for the nitrogen cycle | |

| |to work. | |

|denitrification |takes nitrogen from the wastes of organisms and|[pic] |

| |changes it back into nitrogen gas that is | |

| |returned to the atmosphere | |

| |Denitrifying bacteria live deep in the soil and| |

| |on the ocean floor, where there is no oxygen. | |

| |Bacteria use nitrate compounds to get oxygen | |

| |for cellular respiration, and they produce | |

| |nitrogen gas as a waste. | |

Global Warming--

|Theory of Global Warming|Worldwide increase in average temperatures | |

|or Climate Change |Earth is warmed by sunlight that reaches the planet. | |

| |some sunlight is absorbed by the surface | |

| |much of the sunlight is reflected into the atmosphere as | |

| |heat | |

| |some gases in atmosphere absorb reflected heat which some | |

| |scientists think increase average temperatures | |

| |Possible Effects---- | |

| |rising temps will cause the melting of polar ice caps, sea | |

| |ice, glaciers | |

| |increase ocean levels and flood large cities | |

| |may alter areas of fertile land into deserts | |

| |threaten wildlife, habitats, crops and entire ecosystems | |

| |(Arctic organisms may not have a suitable area to live) | |

|greenhouse effect |trapping heat by certain gasses in the atmosphere |[pic] |

| |holding heat near Earth (acts like a greenhouse) | |

| |natural effect of Earth’s atmosphere | |

| |makes Earth warm enough to support life | |

|greenhouse gases |N2O--- fertilizers release nitrous oxide into the |water vapor (H2O) |

| |environment; factories; burn fossil fuels |carbon dioxide (CO2) |

| |CH4---dig for or transport fossil fuels; cattle and other |methane (CH4) |

| |livestock release methane as they digest food; released by |nitrous oxide (N2O) |

| |landfills as organic matter decays | |

| |CO2---combustion of fossil fuels | |

|pollution |release of harmful substances | |

| |into the air, soil, and water | |

| |combustion, solid wastes, | |

| |hazardous chemicals, fertilizers, | |

| |radioactive materials, noise, heat | |

| |in higher than normal amounts, greenhouse gases can become | |

| |pollutants | |

|deforestation |removal of large numbers of trees and other plants from an |[pic] |

| |area | |

| |Deforestation disrupts the natural cycling of carbon and | |

| |oxygen through the environment. | |

| |It may cause the extinction of species | |

| |and often leaves the soil infertile or soil | |

| |erosion. | |

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|ozone layer |region located in the stratosphere several miles above the |[pic] |

| |surface of the Earth | |

| |ozone (O3) | |

| |plays a vital role by shielding humans and other life from | |

| |harmful UV rays from the Sun (skin cancer) | |

| |scientists suggest that the depletion of the ozone layer is| |

| |due to the increase in combustion and the use of | |

| |chlorofluorocarbons from aerosol cans | |

| |Higher ozone levels near the ground | |

| |can damage crops and plants. | |

Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources---

|natural resources |naturally occurring materials and energy sources used by |[pic] |

| |people | |

|renewable resource |can be replaced at a rate similar to the rate at which it |air/wind (windmills) |

| |is used |sunlight (solar panels) |

| | |fertile soil |

| | |water (hydroelectric) |

| | |living things (trees, crops, livestock) |

| | |biomass |

|nonrenewable resource |resource that is used or consumed much faster than it is |coal |

| |formed |oil; gasoline (petroleum) |

| | |natural gas |

| | |metals |

| | |minerals |

| | |atomic or nuclear |

|conservation |reduce---use less water (shorter showers, wash only full |[pic] |

| |loads of dishes or laundry); reduce electrical power by | |

| |turning off lights/appliances when not using them | |

| |reuse---reusing products instead of discarding and | |

| |replacing them; avoid excess packaging | |

| |recycle---process to make a new product; paper, aluminum, | |

| |plastic | |

| |sustainability---use of resources in ways that both meet | |

| |human needs now and will allow them to be met in the | |

| |future | |

| |protects the environment for future generations | |

| |practiced with many resources, such as land, forests, | |

| |fish, air, and freshwater (examples--building | |

| |energy-efficient cars and homes, limiting fishing, and | |

| |reusing materials ) | |

Developing Natural Products---

|natural product |useful substance produced by an organism (plants, fungi, |[pic] |

| |bacteria, and animals) | |

| |Aspirin and penicillin | |

| |Vitamin C ---nutritional supplement; ascorbic acid in | |

| |citrus prevents spoilage of other fruit—slow oxidation | |

| |to keep foods from spoiling | |

| |to make crops more nourishing | |

| |use algae or used vegetable oil for fuel for automobiles | |

| |(biofuel) | |

| |use bamboo instead of trees for flooring since they grow | |

| |quickly | |

| |------------------------------------------ | |

| |Willow Tree | |

| |Greeks/Romans---bark and leaves were used to relieve pain| |

| |and treat fevers | |

| |Native Americans---used willow to treat sickness and pain| |

| |In the 1800s, a German chemist isolated the useful | |

| |substance in willow bark and identified it as salicylic | |

| |acid. Later chemists made an improved form, | |

| |acetylsalicylic acid, which is easier on the stomach. | |

| |Today, this substance is known as aspirin. | |

|antibiotics |medicines used to kill bacteria |[pic] |

| |Penicillin, the first antibiotic, was discovered in 1928 | |

| |by Alexander Fleming. Fleming observed that mold growing | |

| |on a culture dish prevented bacteria from growing in the | |

| |dish. | |

|synthetic | made by people |[pic] |

| |Once a natural product is | |

| |discovered, chemists work to determine its chemical | |

| |formula. | |

| |Chemists can use these elements in | |

| |the same combinations to make the substance in the lab. | |

| |Advantages to make natural | |

| |products in the lab--- | |

| |control the strength, or potency, of | |

| |the substance | |

| |make the substance in large amounts | |

| |make the substance faster than it is | |

| |produced in nature | |

| |make the substance without harming | |

| |living organisms | |

Natural Products and Their Uses

|Natural Product |Source |Use |

|Botox neurotoxin |Bacterium |prevents muscle spasms; used in cosmetic procedures to remove |

| |(Clostridium boltulinum) |wrinkles; use to treat spasticity and excess sweating |

|Epibatidine |skin of the Ecuadorian poison frog |pain killer (analgesic) |

|Curacin A |Cyanobacteria |antitum or drug used in cancer treatment |

|Quinine |bark of cinchona tree |used to treat malaria |

|Taxol |Pacific yew tree |used to treat breast cancer |

|angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) |protein found in the venom of the |used to treat high blood pressure |

| |Brazilian viper | |

Research and Development for natural products in Mississippi---

1. Thad Cochran National Center for Natural Products Research at the Univ. of MS--- developing natural products for use in agriculture; ways to control pests; improve the nutritional value of crops

2. Jamie Whitten Delta States Research Center in Stoneville, MS----studying agricultural problems of southern U.S.; genetics and basic physiology; control of principal crops enemies; production systems and techniques; equipment innovation and development; safety and human health; economic well-being of both the agricultural producer and the consumer; and technology of pesticide application

3. Mississippi Polymer Institute at USM---natural polymers are in living animals and plants; cellulose is the basis for cotton and rayon fibers; the selection, formulation and compounding of new materials; application and testing of developmental products; the design, synthesis and manufacture of new polymeric materials

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