Biogeochemical---The chemical interactions that exist ...
biogeochemical---The chemical interactions that exist between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.
Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)---
|term |definition or information |diagram or picture |
|water cycle |movement of water from the atmosphere to Earth and |[pic] |
| |back to the atmosphere | |
| |powered by the sun | |
| |Water runoff on the surface can carry pesticides, | |
| |fertilizers, insecticides, and other pollutants. | |
| |Glaciers and icebergs contain freshwater. | |
|precipitation |water in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail |[pic] |
| |about 91% of precipitation falls into the ocean | |
| |falls on land which renews the supply of fresh water| |
|evaporation |the sun’s heat causes water to change from a liquid | |
| |to a vapor which enters the atmosphere | |
|condensation |water vapor cools process of changing from a gas or |[pic] |
| |vapor to a liquid | |
|ground water |precipitation seeps into the ground where it is |[pic] |
| |stored in underground caverns or in porous rock | |
| |may stay in the ground for hundreds or even | |
| |thousands of years | |
| |provides water to the soil, streams, rivers, and | |
| |oceans | |
|transpiration |process by which plants return water to the |[pic] |
| |atmosphere | |
| |plants absorb water from the ground |[pic] |
| |loss of water from plant leaves through openings | |
| |called stomata (Desert plants close the stomata | |
| |during the day.) | |
| |helps plants stay cool | |
| | | |
| | | |
Carbon Cycle (carbon-oxygen cycle)---
|carbon cycle |movement of carbon and oxygen between the | |
| |atmosphere, oceans, plants, animals and the | |
| |ground | |
| | | |
| | | |
|humus |in soil which is formed when dead organisms |[pic] |
| |decay | |
| |carbon in the decaying material is released into| |
| |the atmosphere as CO2 | |
|decomposition |breakdown of dead materials into carbon dioxide |[pic] |
| |and water | |
| |decomposers such as fungi and bacteria break | |
| |down dead organisms and recycle the nutrients | |
| |decaying trees contribute to the health of an | |
| |ecosystem | |
|combustion |process of burning fossil fuels |[pic] |
| |coal, oil, and natural gas return to atmosphere | |
| |as CO2 when burned | |
| |provides much of the fuel people need to drive | |
| |cars, heat homes, make electricity | |
| |acid rain | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
|photosynthesis |plants use carbon dioxide from the air to make |6CO2 + 6H2O + energy→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| |sugars and release oxygen | |
| |Most animals get the carbon they need by eating | |
| |plants. |[pic] |
| |chemical reaction where light is converted into | |
| |chemical energy | |
| |Plants do not require other | |
| |organisms for energy. | |
| |The source of the carbon | |
| |in glucose is the carbon | |
| |dioxide in the air. | |
| |Plants make glucose to use for energy or to | |
| |store as starch for later use. | |
| |A plant uses glucose to make cellulose when it | |
| |links many simple units of glucose together. | |
| |Photosynthetic organisms such as plants use | |
| |light energy to produce a carbohydrate | |
| |(glucose). | |
| |process in which the energy in sunlight is | |
| |stored in the bonds of glucose for later use | |
|respiration |exchange of gases between living cells and their|C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
| |environment | |
| |Animals and plants both respire (breathe) | |
| |During respiration, sugar molecules are broken |[pic] |
| |down to release energy. | |
| |how cells get their energy | |
| |Carbon dioxide and water are released as | |
| |byproducts. | |
| |cellular respiration---the reactions within | |
| |cells which result in the synthesis of ATP using| |
| |energy stored in glucose | |
Nitrogen Cycle---
|term |definition or information |diagram or examples |
|nitrogen cycle |movement of nitrogen between the atmosphere to |[pic] |
| |the plants and animals | |
| |most abundant element in atmosphere---about 78%| |
| |needed for proteins and DNA | |
| |Proteins are required for the life processes | |
| |that take place in the cells of all organisms. | |
| | | |
| |animals get the nitrogen they need by eating | |
| |plants or animals | |
| |important to add nitrogen to the soil since | |
| |farming depletes the usable nitrogen in the | |
| |soil | |
| |Farmers replace nitrogen in the soil by growing| |
| |nitrogen-fixing crops or using fertilizers that| |
| |contain nitrogen compounds that plants need for| |
| |growth. (soybeans) | |
|nitrogen fixation |process where some types of soil bacteria can |[pic] |
| |form the nitrogen compounds plants need | |
| |bacteria break down dead organisms and their | |
| |wastes which makes nitrogen gas (N2) | |
| |bacteria turn nitrogen into ammonia (NH3) and | |
| |then use it to make substances such as protein | |
| |Plants absorb these nitrogen compounds through | |
| |their roots. | |
| |Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to | |
| |ammonia in the soil. | |
| |Bacteria are essential for the nitrogen cycle | |
| |to work. | |
|denitrification |takes nitrogen from the wastes of organisms and|[pic] |
| |changes it back into nitrogen gas that is | |
| |returned to the atmosphere | |
| |Denitrifying bacteria live deep in the soil and| |
| |on the ocean floor, where there is no oxygen. | |
| |Bacteria use nitrate compounds to get oxygen | |
| |for cellular respiration, and they produce | |
| |nitrogen gas as a waste. | |
Global Warming--
|Theory of Global Warming|Worldwide increase in average temperatures | |
|or Climate Change |Earth is warmed by sunlight that reaches the planet. | |
| |some sunlight is absorbed by the surface | |
| |much of the sunlight is reflected into the atmosphere as | |
| |heat | |
| |some gases in atmosphere absorb reflected heat which some | |
| |scientists think increase average temperatures | |
| |Possible Effects---- | |
| |rising temps will cause the melting of polar ice caps, sea | |
| |ice, glaciers | |
| |increase ocean levels and flood large cities | |
| |may alter areas of fertile land into deserts | |
| |threaten wildlife, habitats, crops and entire ecosystems | |
| |(Arctic organisms may not have a suitable area to live) | |
|greenhouse effect |trapping heat by certain gasses in the atmosphere |[pic] |
| |holding heat near Earth (acts like a greenhouse) | |
| |natural effect of Earth’s atmosphere | |
| |makes Earth warm enough to support life | |
|greenhouse gases |N2O--- fertilizers release nitrous oxide into the |water vapor (H2O) |
| |environment; factories; burn fossil fuels |carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| |CH4---dig for or transport fossil fuels; cattle and other |methane (CH4) |
| |livestock release methane as they digest food; released by |nitrous oxide (N2O) |
| |landfills as organic matter decays | |
| |CO2---combustion of fossil fuels | |
|pollution |release of harmful substances | |
| |into the air, soil, and water | |
| |combustion, solid wastes, | |
| |hazardous chemicals, fertilizers, | |
| |radioactive materials, noise, heat | |
| |in higher than normal amounts, greenhouse gases can become | |
| |pollutants | |
|deforestation |removal of large numbers of trees and other plants from an |[pic] |
| |area | |
| |Deforestation disrupts the natural cycling of carbon and | |
| |oxygen through the environment. | |
| |It may cause the extinction of species | |
| |and often leaves the soil infertile or soil | |
| |erosion. | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
|ozone layer |region located in the stratosphere several miles above the |[pic] |
| |surface of the Earth | |
| |ozone (O3) | |
| |plays a vital role by shielding humans and other life from | |
| |harmful UV rays from the Sun (skin cancer) | |
| |scientists suggest that the depletion of the ozone layer is| |
| |due to the increase in combustion and the use of | |
| |chlorofluorocarbons from aerosol cans | |
| |Higher ozone levels near the ground | |
| |can damage crops and plants. | |
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources---
|natural resources |naturally occurring materials and energy sources used by |[pic] |
| |people | |
|renewable resource |can be replaced at a rate similar to the rate at which it |air/wind (windmills) |
| |is used |sunlight (solar panels) |
| | |fertile soil |
| | |water (hydroelectric) |
| | |living things (trees, crops, livestock) |
| | |biomass |
|nonrenewable resource |resource that is used or consumed much faster than it is |coal |
| |formed |oil; gasoline (petroleum) |
| | |natural gas |
| | |metals |
| | |minerals |
| | |atomic or nuclear |
|conservation |reduce---use less water (shorter showers, wash only full |[pic] |
| |loads of dishes or laundry); reduce electrical power by | |
| |turning off lights/appliances when not using them | |
| |reuse---reusing products instead of discarding and | |
| |replacing them; avoid excess packaging | |
| |recycle---process to make a new product; paper, aluminum, | |
| |plastic | |
| |sustainability---use of resources in ways that both meet | |
| |human needs now and will allow them to be met in the | |
| |future | |
| |protects the environment for future generations | |
| |practiced with many resources, such as land, forests, | |
| |fish, air, and freshwater (examples--building | |
| |energy-efficient cars and homes, limiting fishing, and | |
| |reusing materials ) | |
Developing Natural Products---
|natural product |useful substance produced by an organism (plants, fungi, |[pic] |
| |bacteria, and animals) | |
| |Aspirin and penicillin | |
| |Vitamin C ---nutritional supplement; ascorbic acid in | |
| |citrus prevents spoilage of other fruit—slow oxidation | |
| |to keep foods from spoiling | |
| |to make crops more nourishing | |
| |use algae or used vegetable oil for fuel for automobiles | |
| |(biofuel) | |
| |use bamboo instead of trees for flooring since they grow | |
| |quickly | |
| |------------------------------------------ | |
| |Willow Tree | |
| |Greeks/Romans---bark and leaves were used to relieve pain| |
| |and treat fevers | |
| |Native Americans---used willow to treat sickness and pain| |
| |In the 1800s, a German chemist isolated the useful | |
| |substance in willow bark and identified it as salicylic | |
| |acid. Later chemists made an improved form, | |
| |acetylsalicylic acid, which is easier on the stomach. | |
| |Today, this substance is known as aspirin. | |
|antibiotics |medicines used to kill bacteria |[pic] |
| |Penicillin, the first antibiotic, was discovered in 1928 | |
| |by Alexander Fleming. Fleming observed that mold growing | |
| |on a culture dish prevented bacteria from growing in the | |
| |dish. | |
|synthetic | made by people |[pic] |
| |Once a natural product is | |
| |discovered, chemists work to determine its chemical | |
| |formula. | |
| |Chemists can use these elements in | |
| |the same combinations to make the substance in the lab. | |
| |Advantages to make natural | |
| |products in the lab--- | |
| |control the strength, or potency, of | |
| |the substance | |
| |make the substance in large amounts | |
| |make the substance faster than it is | |
| |produced in nature | |
| |make the substance without harming | |
| |living organisms | |
Natural Products and Their Uses
|Natural Product |Source |Use |
|Botox neurotoxin |Bacterium |prevents muscle spasms; used in cosmetic procedures to remove |
| |(Clostridium boltulinum) |wrinkles; use to treat spasticity and excess sweating |
|Epibatidine |skin of the Ecuadorian poison frog |pain killer (analgesic) |
|Curacin A |Cyanobacteria |antitum or drug used in cancer treatment |
|Quinine |bark of cinchona tree |used to treat malaria |
|Taxol |Pacific yew tree |used to treat breast cancer |
|angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) |protein found in the venom of the |used to treat high blood pressure |
| |Brazilian viper | |
Research and Development for natural products in Mississippi---
1. Thad Cochran National Center for Natural Products Research at the Univ. of MS--- developing natural products for use in agriculture; ways to control pests; improve the nutritional value of crops
2. Jamie Whitten Delta States Research Center in Stoneville, MS----studying agricultural problems of southern U.S.; genetics and basic physiology; control of principal crops enemies; production systems and techniques; equipment innovation and development; safety and human health; economic well-being of both the agricultural producer and the consumer; and technology of pesticide application
3. Mississippi Polymer Institute at USM---natural polymers are in living animals and plants; cellulose is the basis for cotton and rayon fibers; the selection, formulation and compounding of new materials; application and testing of developmental products; the design, synthesis and manufacture of new polymeric materials
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related searches
- what is the chemical formula for photosynthesis
- what are the chemical reactions for photosynthesis
- what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis
- the chemical formula for photosynthesis
- write the chemical reaction for photosynthesis below
- state the chemical reaction of photosynthesis
- what is the chemical reaction for photosynthesis
- the chemical formulas for photosynthesis
- what is the chemical symbol
- what is the chemical equation for respiration
- the chemical store
- the chemical company ri