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Weights and Measures: Typical waste conversion factors

WASTE CONVERSION

Oils, Coolants, Thinners 1400 lb./cu. yd. - 7 lb./gal

Wood, Loose (open top container) 270 lb./cu. yd.

Fly Ash, Dry 500 lb./cu. yd.

Wet Sludges (3-8% Solids) 1730 lb./cu. yd. - 8.5 lb./gal.

Dewatered Sludges 1900 lb./cu. yd.

Office and Cafeteria Waste only

Loose 250 lb./cu. yd.

Compacted 750 lb./cu. yd.

General Plant Solid Waste, with Wood

Loose (open top container) 175 lb./cu. yd.

Compacted 375 lb./cu. yd.

Shredded and Compacted 900 lb./cu. yd.

General Plant Solid Waste, no Wood

Loose 250 lb./cu. yd.

Compacted 500 lb./cu. yd.

55 Gallon Steel Drum, Empty 48 lb. each

Wood Pallets 30 lb. each

Car Tires 10 lb. each

Car Batteries 20 lb. each

Estimated Packaging Waste 50-80% of Plant Trash

Emission Factors: A Way to Estimate Pollution Prevention

EPA’s “Green Lights and Energy Star Update” report, July 1995, contained a rule-of-thumb method of estimating the amounts by which programs to reduce the consumption of electricity can also yield reductions in air pollution. The EPA figures given below can help energy planners add support for their proposals. To estimate the pollution prevention of your projects, use the following formulas and factors*:

CO2: kWh/yr saved X emission factor = lbs/yr

SO2: kWh/yr saved X emission factor = g/yr

NOx: kWh/yr saved X emission factor = g/yr

EPA Regional Emission Factors (see note below)

REGION 1: CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT

Emission per kWh saved: CO2 SO2 NOx

1.1 4.0 1.4

REGION 2: NJ, NY, PR, VI

Emission per kWh saved: CO2 SO2 NOx

1.1 3.4 1.3

REGION 3: DC, DE, MD, PA, VA, WV

Emission per kWh saved: CO2 SO2 NOx

1.6 8.2 2.6

REGION 4: AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN

Emission per kWh saved: CO2 SO2 NOx

1.5 6.9 2.5

REGION 5: IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI

Emission per kWh saved: CO2 SO2 NOx

1.8 10.4 3.5

REGION 6: AR, LA, NM, OK, TX

Emission per kWh saved: CO2 SO2 NOx

1.7 2.2 2.5

REGION 7: IA, KS, MO, NE

Emission per kWh saved: CO2 SO2 NOx

2.0 8.5 3.9

REGION 8: CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY

Emission per kWh saved: CO2 SO2 NOx

2.2 3.3 3.2

REGION 9: AZ, CA, HI, NV, Guam, Am Samoa

Emission per kWh saved: CO2 SO2 NOx

1.0 1.1 1.5

REGION 10: AK, ID, OR, WA

Emission per kWh saved: CO2 SO2 NOx

0.1 0.5 0.3

Note: State pollution emission factors are aggregated by EPA region. Factors for U.S. territories are national average emission factors. See the Green Lights Upgrade Manual.

* CO2 = Carbon dioxide; SO2 = sulfur dioxide; NOx = nitrogen oxides; kWh = kilowatt hour; g = grams

Cost Factors: Cost savings numbers are based on the following assumptions...

The average cost of electricity is $0.05/kWh

The average cost of natural gas is $0.350/ccf or $3.50/mcf.

There are 2,000 hours per year per shift (based on the assumption that one shift is 8 hours per day, 5 days per week, 50 weeks per year)

MORE RULES OF THUMB

Thumbrule #1. Cost of high pressure steam leaks (125 psig).

The costs of high pressure steam leaks are on the order of:

$150 to $500/leak/shift/year

Thumbrule #2. Cost of low pressure steam leaks (15 psig).

The costs of low pressure steam leaks are on the order of:

$30 to $110/leak/shift/year

Thumbrule #3. Cost of compressed air leaks (100 psig).

The costs of air leaks are on the order of:

$30 to $90/leak/shift/year

Thumbrule #4. Evaporation of water in a cooling tower.

Of the flow through a tower, as much as 1% is lost due to evaporation.

Submetering the cooling tower can result in the following savings on sewage

treatment bills by convincing the municipality to reduce billing volumes:

Based on the size of the tower in tons: $9/ton/shift/year

Based on the gpm of water through the tower: $3/gpm/shift/year

Thumbrule #5. Operating cost of a typical motor.

The cost of operating a motor is:

$62/hp/shift/year

Thumbrule #6. Typical Performance Efficiencies for Motors

Upgrading to an energy efficient motor can result in savings of about 5% over the operating costs of a standard motor. A typical standard motor has an efficiency of 90%.

Thumbrule #7. Savings achieved by reducing pressure of compressed air

(100 psig compressed air system).

A 10 psi reduction in compressor discharge pressure results in a 5% reduction in

energy consumption.

Thumbrule #8. Cost of heat lost through hot, uninsulated pipes.

Costs associated per 100 feet of uninsulated pipe at a specified steam pressure:

25 psig steam: $375/100 ft/shift/year

50 psig steam: $430/100 ft/shift/year

75 psig steam: $480/100 ft/shift/year

100 psig steam: $515/100 ft/shift/year

Thumbrule #9. Heat loss from an uninsulated surface.

90% of the heat loss from a hot, uninsulated surface can be economically eliminated by installing insulation.

Thumbrule #10. Costs for comfort heating.

Michigan: $0.26/ft2/yr

Tennessee: $0.35/ft2/yr

Texas: $0.24/ft2/yr

Thumbrule #11. Costs for cooling office spaces:

Michigan: $0.12/ft2/yr

Tennessee: $0.30/ft2/yr

Texas: $0.52/ft2/yr

Thumbrule #12. Boiler combustion efficiency.

A typical boiler or furnace has a combustion efficiency of 80%.

Thumbrule #13. Benefit of Fuel Switching.

Switching from electric heat to natural gas or #2 fuel oil can save 78% of the cost.

Thumbrule #14. Average Cost of Lighting.

The following table gives operating costs and light output data for various lighting types. The tabulated bulb wattages include ballast contributions.

| |Annual Cost |Bulb |Light Output |

|Lighting Type |($/bulb/shift/year) |Wattage |(Lumens/Watt) |

|4-ft Std. Fluorescent (T12) | | | |

|w/Std. Magnetic Ballast |4.6 |46 |58 |

|4-ft E.E. Fluorescent (T8) | | | |

|w/Electronic Ballast |3.1 |31 |83 |

|8-ft Std. Fluorescent (T12) | | | |

|w/Std. Magnetic Ballast |8.8 |88 |70 |

|8-ft E.E. Fluorescent (T8) | | | |

|w/Electronic Ballast |5.3 |53 |102 |

|8-ft High Output | | | |

|Fluorescent (T12) w/Std. |12.9 |129 |65 |

|Magnetic Ballast | | | |

|8-ft High Output E.E. | | | |

|Fluorescent (T8) w/ |8.0 |80 |100 |

|Electronic Ballast | | | |

|400W High Press. Sodium |46.5 |465 |97 |

|400W Metal Halide |45.5 |455 |63 |

|400W Mercury Vapor |45.0 |450 |40 |

Thumbrule #15. Cost Savings for Demand Reduction (or “Load Shifting”).

By shifting an operation to off-peak times, the following savings are achieved:

$75/hp/year

The benefit of shifting other electric equipment to off-peak hours is:

$120/kW/year

Thumbrule #16. Cost per Cubic Yard of Solid Waste.

On average, it costs $10 to $15 per cubic yard for municipal solid waste removal.

This cost includes dumpster rental, transportation or “pull” fees, and landfill tipping fees.

Considered separately, typical landfill tipping fees are $45 to $65 per ton.

Thumbrule #17. Disposal Costs for various substances, per 55 gal. drum.

| |Disposal Cost |

|Disposal Substance |($ / 55 gal. drum) |

|Incineration (liquid) |165 |

|Landfill (Non-hazardous) |100 |

|Landfill (Hazardous) |250 |

|Incineration (Sludges, Greases, Debris and| |

|Solids) |550 |

|Rags and Debris (Uncompacted) |250 |

|Corrosives |550 |

Thumbrule #18. Typical Water Costs.

Total Cost = $4.00 to $5.00 / ccf

Water Consumption = $2.50 / ccf

Sewer Charge - $2.00 / ccf

(Note: 1 ccf = 100 cubic feet)

Thumbrule #19. Minimum Ventilation Requirements.

Prescribed ventilation rates in a building are defined as:

By size - 0.1 to 0.25 cfm per square foot of the building

By person - 5 to 15 cfm per person

Thumbrule #20. Paint Transfer Efficiencies.

Most paint application wastes are caused by either paint overspray or the paint not reaching the target. The amount of overspray results from the design and operation of the system used. The efficiency of some of the systems are as follows:

| |Transfer |

|Paint Method |Efficiency |

| |(%) |

|Conventional air atomized spray |30 - 60 |

|Conventional pressure atomized spray |65 - 70 |

|Electrostatic air atomized spray |65 - 85 |

|Electrostatic centrifugal atomized spray |85 -95 |

|Powder Coating |90 - 99 |

|Roller / Flow Coating |90 - 98 |

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