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Prokaryotic cell division VS eukaryotic cell division (pg 119)
1 Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) reproduce using binary fission – a process in which the parent organism makes exact copies of itself
2 Eukaryotic cells may be part of a larger Multicellular organism but also make duplicate copies of themselves in a process called mitosis
Chromosomes (pg 119)
1 Chromosomes are a structure made of DNA on which the genes are located (genetic material takes this form just before and during cell division)
1 DNA - (deoxyribonucleic acid) - a double sided nucleic acid that stores genetic information (carries the traits passed down from the parents)
2 gene - a section of a chromosome containing specific trait information
3 chromatids - 2 exact copies of DNA that make up a single chromosome
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Chromosome number & structure (pgs 120-121)
1 The number of chromosomes present varies by species; the number of chromosomes does not determine the complexity of the organism
2 Homologous Chromosomes - pairs of chromosomes
1 homologue - single chromosome in a pair, contains similar size, shape and information as its partner; the information on one homologue comes from the mother the other from the father of the organism
2 diploid - cell with both homologues present (pairs of chromosomes, like body cells)
3 haploid - cell with only one of each homologue (like gametes or spores)
4 zygote - diploid cell formed from the fusion of two haploid gametes
5 autosomes – chromosomes not directly involved in determining gender
6 sex chromosomes – determine the gender of the organism (in humans a pair with 2 X homologues is female, 1 X and 1 Y homologue is male)
Testing chromosome number and structure
1 Karyotype - (pg 122) - photo of a set of chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs by size; used for predicting potential problems in development of the embryo; abnormalities in chromosome number can lead to developmental problems
1 amniocentesis - (p 123) a small amount of amniotic fluid (fluid surrounding the fetus in the uterus) is removed to obtain genetic information from the fetus
2 chorionic villi sampling (CVS) - tissue is collected from the extensions of the placenta that connect with the uterus called chorionic villi
[pic]
2 Abnormalities in chromosome structure can also lead to developmental problems (pg 124)
1 Deletion - a piece of the chromosome is missing due to a problem during DNA replication (making a copy)
2 Duplication - one or more pieces of the chromosome appears twice
3 Inversion - one or more pieces of the chromosome is switched with an adjoining piece
4 Translocation - one or more pieces of the chromosome have been moved to an incorrect location
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The Cell Cycle (pg 125)
1 The cell cycle is a repeating sequence of cellular growth and division
1 The cell spends 90% of it’s time in Interphase which contains three phases…
1 First Growth (G1) phase - cell grows rapidly and carries out routine functions, cells not preparing to divide stay in this phase
2 Synthesis (S) phase - Cell’s DNA is replicated (copied), at the end of this phase each chromosome consists of two chromatids attached at the centromere
3 Second Growth (G2) phase - preparations are made for the nucleus to divide
2 The last two phases deal directly with cell division
1 Mitosis - process of cell division in which the nucleus is divided into two identical nuclei
2 Cytokinesis - process of cell division in which the cytoplasm is divided to form two identical cells
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Mitosis (forms two identical diploid cells - pgs 130-1)
1 Prophase
1 chromosomes become visible
2 nuclear envelope dissolves
3 spindle forms (the spindle is made of the centrioles and microfibers that move the chromosomes during mitosis)
2 Metaphase
1 chromosomes line up along the equator
3 Anaphase
1 centromeres divide (duplicate copies of chromosomes are separated)
2 chromatids (now called chromosomes) move toward opposite sides of the cell
4 Telophase
1 Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes
2 chromosomes uncoil
3 spindle dissolves
4 cytokinesis begins
Cytokinesis
1 Cytoplasm is divided into equal halves
2 In animal cells the cell membrane pinches in toward the center
3 In plant cells a plate is formed in between the two halves of cytoplasm, from this plate the new cell walls are formed
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Meiosis (forms 4 haploid cells - pgs 142-3)
1 Prophase I
2 Metaphase I
3 Anaphase I
4 Telophase I & Cytokinesis
5 Prophase II
1 new spindle forms in both cells
6 Metaphase II
1 chromosomes line up at the equator of both cells
7 Anaphase II
1 centromeres divide
2 chromosomes are pulled apart
8 Telophase II
1 nuclear envelopes develop
2 cytoplasm divides
[pic]
Meiosis in male vs. female animals (pg 146)
1 Male meiosis (spermatogenesis) produces 4 functional haploid sperm
2 Female meiosis (oogenesis) produces 1 viable egg and 3 non-functional polar bodies
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