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Relative clauses - defining or non-defining?
Study the situations and then decide whether the following relative clauses are defining or non-defining.
defining – no commas
non-defining – commas
1. I have three brothers.
[pic]My brother who lives in Sidney came to see me last month.
[pic]My brother, who lives in Sidney, came to see me last month.
2. I have one sister.
[pic]My sister who is 25 years old spent her holiday in France.
[pic]My sister, who is 25 years old, spent her holiday in France.
3. Bob's mum has lost her keys.
[pic]Bob's mum who is a musician has lost her car keys.
[pic]Bob's mum, who is a musician, has lost her car keys.
4. My friend Jane moved to Canada.
[pic]My friend Jane whose husband is Canadian moved to Canada last week.
[pic]My friend Jane, whose husband is Canadian, moved to Canada last week.
5. I am a shoe fanatic.
[pic]The shoes which I bought yesterday are very comfortable.
[pic]The shoes, which I bought yesterday, are very comfortable.
6. Mr Robinson is very famous.
[pic]Mr Robinson whom I met at the trade fair is a famous inventor.
[pic]Mr Robinson, whom I met at the trade fair, is a famous inventor.
7. Tamara has two cats. Both of them are black.
[pic]Tamara's two cats which can play outside are black.
[pic]Tamara's two cats, which can play outside, are black.
8. Kevin has four cats. Two of them are black.
[pic]Kevin's two cats which are black can play outside.
[pic]Kevin's two cats, which are black, can play outside.
9. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.
[pic]The church which we visited yesterday is very old.
[pic]The church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.
10. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.
[pic]St. Mary's Church which we visited yesterday is very old.
[pic]St. Mary's Church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.
Choose the correct relative pronoun or relative adverb.
1. The woman is sitting at the desk is Mr Winter's secretary.
2. I cannot remember the reason he wanted us to leave.
3. Jane, mother is a physician, is very good at biology.
4. She didn’t see the snake was lying on the ground.
5. Do you know the shop Andrew picked me up?
Combine the sentences with relative clauses. (Decide whether to use commas or not.)
1. A monk is a man. The man has devoted his life to God.
A monk [pic]
2. I have one black cat. His name is Blacky.
I have [pic]
3. A herbivore is an animal. The animal feeds upon vegetation.
A herbivore [pic]
4. Carol plays the piano brilliantly. She is only 9 years old.
Carol [pic]
5. Sydney is the largest Australian city. It is not the capital of Australia.
Sydney [pic]
Combine the sentences with contact clauses.
1. We ordered a book. It was very expensive.
[pic]
2. You are sitting on a bench. The paint on the bench is still wet.
[pic]
3. The photographer could not develop the pictures. I had taken them in Australia.
[pic]
4. One of the bins smells awful. You haven’t emptied the bin for 3 weeks.
[pic]
5. They are singing a song. I don’t know the song.
[pic]
Combine the sentences with relative clauses or contact clauses. Use contact clauses where possible. (Decide whether to use commas or not.)
1. The city seems to be abandoned. It is usually crowded with people.
[pic]
2. You made an offer. We cannot accept it.
We [pic]
3. A midwife is a woman. She assists other women in childbirth.
A woman [pic]
4. Three youngsters were arrested by the police. They had committed criminal offences.
The police [pic]
5. The World Wide Web has become an essential part of our lives. It was invented by Tim Berners-Lee.
Tim Berners-Lee [pic]
Relative clauses - defining or non-defining?
1. I have three brothers.
[pic]My brother who lives in Sidney came to see me last month. [pic]
2. I have one sister.
[pic]My sister, who is 25 years old, spent her holiday in France. [pic]
3. Bob's mum has lost her keys.
[pic]Bob's mum, who is a musician, has lost her car keys. [pic]
4. My friend Jane moved to Canada.
[pic]My friend Jane, whose husband is Canadian, moved to Canada last week. [pic]
5. I am a shoe fanatic.
[pic]The shoes which I bought yesterday are very comfortable. [pic]
6. Mr Robinson is very famous.
[pic]Mr Robinson, whom I met at the trade fair, is a famous inventor. [pic]
7. Tamara has two cats. Both of them are black.
[pic]Tamara's two cats, which can play outside, are black. [pic]
8. Kevin has four cats. Two of them are black.
[pic]Kevin's two cats which are black can play outside. [pic]
9. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.
[pic]The church which we visited yesterday is very old. [pic]
10. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.
[pic]St. Mary's Church, which we visited yesterday, is very old. [pic]
Choose the correct relative pronoun or relative adverb.
1. The woman who is sitting at the desk is Mr Winter's secretary.
2. I cannot remember the reason why he wanted us to leave.
3. Jane, whose mother is a physician, is very good at biology.
4. She didn’t see the snake which was lying on the ground.
5. Do you know the shop where Andrew picked me up?
Combine the sentences with relative clauses. (Decide whether to use commas or not.)
1. A monk is a man. The man has devoted his life to God.
A monk is a man who has devoted his life to God.[pic]
2. I have one black cat. His name is Blacky.
I have one black cat, whose name is Blacky.[pic]
3. A herbivore is an animal. The animal feeds upon vegetation.
A herbivore is an animal that feeds upon vegetation.[pic]
4. Carol plays the piano brilliantly. She is only 9 years old.
Carol , who is only 9 years old, plays the piano brilliantly.[pic]
5. Sydney is the largest Australian city. It is not the capital of Australia.
Sydney , which is not the capital of Australia, is the largest Australian city.[pic]
Combine the sentences with contact clauses.
1. We ordered a book. It was very expensive.
The book we ordered was very expensive.[pic]
2. You are sitting on a bench. The paint on the bench is still wet.
The paint on the bench you are sitting on is still wet.[pic]
3. The photographer could not develop the pictures. I had taken them in Australia.
The photographer could not develop the pictures I had taken in Australia.[pic]
4. One of the bins smells awful. You haven’t emptied the bin for 3 weeks.
The bin you haven't emptied for 3 weeks smells awful.[pic]
5. They are singing a song. I don’t know the song.
They are singing a song I don't know.[pic]
Combine the sentences with relative clauses or contact clauses. Use contact clauses where possible. (Decide whether to use commas or not.)
1. The city seems to be abandoned. It is usually crowded with people.
The city, which is usually crowded with people, seems to be abandoned.[pic]
2. You made an offer. We cannot accept it.
We cannot accept the offer you made.[pic]
3. A midwife is a woman. She assists other women in childbirth.
A woman who assists other women in childbirth is a midwife.[pic]
4. Three youngsters were arrested by the police. They had committed criminal offences.
The police arrested three youngsters who had committed criminal offences.[pic]
5. The World Wide Web has become an essential part of our lives. It was invented by Tim Berners-Lee.
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, which has become an essential part of our lives.[pic]
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