HOLT MCDOUGAL Social Studies United States History

New York Interactive Reader

and Study Guide

HOLT MCDOUGAL

Social Studies

United States History

and New York History Beginnings to 1877

Copyright ? by Holt McDougal, a division of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

Warning: No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Holt McDougal unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to the following address: Permissions Department, Holt McDougal, 10801 N. MoPac Expressway, Building 3, Austin, Texas 78759.

Teachers using HOLT MCDOUGAL UNITED STATES HISTORY may photocopy complete pages in sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale.

HOLT MCDOUGAL is a trademark of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. If you have received these materials as examination copies free of charge, Holt, Rinehart and Winston retains title to the materials and they not be resold. Resale of examination copies is strictly prohibited and is illegal.

Possession of this publication in print format does not entitle users to convert this publication, or any portion of it, into electronic format. ISBN-13: 978-0-55-402466-0 ISBN-10: 0-55-402466-7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 082 12 11 10 09 08

Contents

Chapter 1 The World before the Opening of the Atlantic

Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. . . 1 Sec 1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Sec 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Sec 1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Sec 1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Chapter 2 New Empires in the Americas Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. . 10 Sec 2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Sec 2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Sec 2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Sec 2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Sec 2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chapter 3 The English Colonies Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. . 21 Sec 3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Sec 3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Sec 3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Sec 3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Sec 3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Chapter 4 The American Revolution Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. . 32 Sec 4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Sec 4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Sec 4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Sec 4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Chapter 5 Forming a Government Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. . 41 Sec 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Sec 5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Sec 5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Sec 5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Chapter 6 Citizenship and the Constitution Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. . 50 Sec 6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Sec 6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Sec 6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Chapter 7 Launching the Nation Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. . 57 Sec 7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Sec 7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Sec 7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Sec 7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Chapter 8 The Jefferson Era Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. . 66 Sec 8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Sec 8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Sec 8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Sec 8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Chapter 9 A New National Identity Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. . 75 Sec 9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Sec 9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Sec 9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Chapter 10 The Age of Jackson Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. . 82 Sec 10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Sec 10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Sec 10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Chapter 11 Expanding West Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. . 89 Sec 11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Sec 11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Sec 11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Sec 11.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Chapter 12 The North Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. . 98 Sec 12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Sec 12.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Sec 12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Sec 12.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Chapter 13 The South Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. 107 Sec 13.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Sec 13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Sec 13.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Chapter 14 New Movements in America Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. 114 Sec 14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Sec 14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Sec 14.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Sec 14.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Sec 14.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Copyright ? Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.

iii

Interactive Reader and Study Guide

Contents

Chapter 15 A Divided Nation Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. 125 Sec 15.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Sec 15.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Sec 15.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Sec 15.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Chapter 16 The Civil War Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. 134 Sec 16.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Sec 16.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Sec 16.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Sec 16.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Sec 16.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Chapter 17 Reconstruction Chapter Opener with Graphic Organizer. 145 Sec 17.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Sec 17.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Sec 17.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Copyright ? Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.

iv

Interactive Reader and Study Guide

Name

Class

Date

The World before the Opening of the Atlantic

CHAPTER SUMMARY

The Earliest Americans

The first Americans migrated to the Americas by crossing the ______________ during the last Ice Age.

Native American Cultures

Trading Kingdoms of Europe before

West Africa

Transatlantic Travel

Several Native

By controlling

American cultures trade, three

existed in North great kingdoms

America before the developed in West

Europeans came. Africa. These were

the kingdoms of

Ghana, Mali, and

______________.

The Greeks developed a system of government called ______________, in which people rule themselves.

Four early

The cultures of

American

Native American

civilizations

people varied

were the Olmec, depending on

Maya, Aztec, and ______________.

______________.

A key part of the West African economy was the ______________ trade.

After the Black Death, the feudal system weakened and a middle class developed.

Native American cultures shared beliefs about religion and ______________.

The Renaissance was a rebirth of arts and learning.

COMPREHENSION AND CRITICAL THINKING As you read the section summaries, fill in the blanks in the graphic organizer above and answer the questions below.

1. Explain What are cultural areas? How did they shape the ways different Native American peoples developed?

2. Compare and Contrast How were the societies that existed in the Old and New Worlds before transatlantic travel similar? How were they different?

Copyright ? Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.

1

Interactive Reader and Study Guide

Name

Class

The World before the Opening of the Atlantic

Date

Section 1

MAIN IDEAS

1. Climate changes allowed Paleo-Indians to begin the first migration to the Americas.

2. Early societies existed in Mesoamerica and South America.

Key Terms and People

Bering Land Bridge a strip of land between Asia and present-day Alaska that was exposed by the lower sea levels of the Ice Age Paleo-Indians people believed to have crossed the Bering Land Bridge migration movement of people or animals from one region to another hunter-gatherers people who obtain food by hunting animals and gathering plants environments climates and landscapes that surround living things culture a group's set of common values and traditions

Academic Vocabulary

develop the process of growing or improving

Section Summary

FIRST MIGRATION TO THE AMERICAS Many scientists believe that the first people arrived in North America during the last Ice Age. At that time the environment changed, and large amounts of water froze, forming glaciers. Water levels in the oceans dropped to more than 300 feet lower than they are today. A strip of land called the Bering Land Bridge was exposed between Asia and Alaska.

No one knows exactly when or how people crossed into North America, but there is evidence that people called Paleo-Indians crossed the bridge to Alaska between 38,000 and 10,000 BC. The migration took place over a long time. The descendents of the migrants went as far as the southern tip of South America. These people were hunter-gatherers, people who hunted animals and gathered wild plants for food. The environments they settled in created Native American societies.

Copyright ? Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.

2

How did the formation of glaciers during the Ice Age allow for migration to North America?

Do scientists know exactly when the Paleo-Indians crossed into North America?

Interactive Reader and Study Guide

Name Section 1, continued

Class

Date

EARLY MESOAMERICAN AND SOUTH AMERICAN SOCIETIES

Some of the earliest American cultures arose in

Mesoamerica, a region that includes the southern

part of what is now Mexico and northern Central America. The Olmec developed the earliest known civilization in Mesoamerica around 1200 BC. The

Underline the sentence that tells when the first civilization developed in Mesoamerica.

Olmec are known for their stone buildings and

sculptures. By 400 BC, when their civilization

ended, trade had spread Olmec culture.

The Maya civilization followed the Olmec. The

Maya built large stone temples, pyramids, and

canals that controlled the flow of water through

their cities. The Maya civilization began to collapse

in the 900s, but historians are still not sure why.

The Aztec were fierce warriors who migrated

to south and central Mexico in the mid-1100s.

They conquered many towns, built a large empire, and controlled a huge trading network. The Aztec capital, Tenochtitl?n (tay-nawch-teet-LAHN),

What was the greatest city in the Americas during the height of the Aztec culture?

founded in 1325 AD, became the greatest city in the

Americas and one of the world's largest cities. The

Aztec became rich on trade and tributes paid by

conquered people. The Inca began as a small tribe in the Andes

Mountains. In the mid-1400s, the Inca began

What evidence do we have that cultures existed in Mesoamerica before the Aztecs?

expanding their empire until it included much of

the western coast of South America and had more

than 12 million people. The Inca people had a

strong central government and a network of roads

and bridges that connected all parts of the territory.

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Evaluate Imagine that you lived in Mesoamerica or South America before the arrival of Europeans. Write a short paragraph describing which of the four civilizations discussed above you would have preferred to live in. Be sure to support your answer.

Copyright ? Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.

3

Interactive Reader and Study Guide

Name

Class

The World before the Opening of the Atlantic

Date

Section 2

MAIN IDEAS

1. Several early societies developed in North America long before Europeans explored the continent.

2. Geographic areas influenced Native American cultures. 3. Native American cultures shared beliefs about religion and land ownership.

Key Terms and People

pueblos aboveground houses made of a heavy clay called adobe kivas underground ceremonial chambers at the center of each Anasazi community totems ancestor or animal spirits of the Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest teepees cone-shaped shelters made of animal hides by the nomadic plains people matrilineal a society that traces ancestry through mothers Iroquois League an alliance of Native Americans in northeastern North America

Section Summary

EARLY SOCIETIES The earliest people in North America were huntergatherers. By 1500 BC people in the southwestern part of North America had farm cultures and grew maize. The Anasazi used irrigation to increase food production in the dry climate. They lived in pit houses dug into the ground and later began to build pueblos. The Anasazi often built complex houses on cliff walls to defend against attacks. They also built kivas, sacred areas at the center of the community.

The Anasazi began abandoning their villages after living in them for hundreds of years. Drought, disease, or raids by other tribes may have caused this move.

After 1000 BC several farming societies developed in the eastern part of North America. They built large burial mounds to honor their dead. More than 10,000 mounds have been found in the Ohio River valley alone. The largest city of the mound builders had about 30,000 people.

How would building on cliff walls provide protection for the Anasazi?

Why would drought be one of the possible reasons that the Anasazi moved from their homes?

Copyright ? Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.

4

Interactive Reader and Study Guide

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download