What was the nature of Nationalism in Southeast Asia by 1945
What were the effects of the Japanese Occupation on Southeast Asia
|What were the Stregths & Limitations of Southeast Asian nationalism before World War Two? |
| |
|Everything was a plus point for nationalism. |
|The limitations lay in: |
| |
|Ethnic tensions (eg. in Malaya) |
|Starvation & hardship of World War 2 which limited the appeal of mass movements. |
|Area |Vietnam |Malaya / Indonesia |
|Psychological effects |Gave in to all kinds of pressures to stay in power |Use of British soldiers for public works & |
|(strengths/ plus points) |between 1940 to 1944. This weakened the view of |surrender march through town to Changi prison |
| |French superiority. |weakened the view of British superiority. |
|Myth of White Man’s | | |
|superiority is shattered |Vichy France & Japan sign 1940 Agreement. Allowed |Fall of Singapore, supposedly impregnable fortress |
| |to use French military bases & airstrips. |on Feb 15 1941 weakened the view of British |
|General hardships suffered | |superiority |
|in World War Two – Black |Imprisonment of all French troops and civilians in | |
|market, corruption, |March 1945 | |
|inflation, starvation. | | |
| |Hardships. French are directly blamed. (forced | |
| |export of rice to Japan at low prices) | |
| | | |
| |Famine in Tongkin at end, 1944. 100s of thousands | |
| |killed | |
|Political advantage: | | |
|(strengths/ plus points |The war raised Vietnamese sense of nationalism |The war raised Chinese, Malay, Indian sense of |
| | |nationalism |
|Free from colonial control |Vietnamese administrators promoted to high admin | |
|& experiences in |positions because Vietnamese colony was isolated | |
|administration |from France. Too far away. Eg. Governnor General |Malay & Indian nationalistic leaders given higher |
| |Decoux experimented with ‘federal Indochinese |administrative post. This encouraged their |
| |nation & a Conseil Federal Indochinoise – 23 |political awareness to grow. With this new taste |
| |Frenchmen, 24 Vietnamese, 4 Cambodians, 2 Laotians.|for authority, they wanted changes in the way the |
| | |British ruled Malaya. They also began to SLOWLY |
| | |think about independence. |
| | | |
| | | |
| |The ICP was given the chance to mix simple | |
| |patriotism of resisting French/ Japanese oppression| |
|Put in positions of power |with complex ideas of communism | |
|(not true for Vietnam) | |Eg. Kesatuan Melayu Muda leaders, Ibrahim Yaacob |
| |Creation of Viet Minh – Unietd Front organization |(positions of power & authority) |
| |designed to include anyone who was anti-colonial. |eg. Heiho (auxiliary) units; KRIS / Union of |
| | |Peninsular Indonesia) |
| |In March 1945, Japanese replaced Vichy French | |
| |government with an ‘independent’ government led by |During the Japanese occupation, the brutal |
| |Nguyen emperor Bao Dai but it was the Viet Minh |treatment of the Chinese also encouraged Chinese |
| |which were able to make the most of Japan’s |political awareness. The MPAJA believed that once |
| |weakening grip on Japan. They controlled rural |the Japanese left, British rule would be replaced |
| |areas & towns in the North. Hanoi controlled by |by a Malayan Communist government. |
| |August 1945. | |
| | |MCP were also given an opportunity to help spread |
| | |communist propaganda. (In the past MCP was |
| | |considered illegal by the British. During WW2, |
| | |the British recognised the existence/ legitimacy |
| | |of MCP ) |
| | |Sino(Chinese)-Malay relationships were worsened by |
| | |the war. |
| | | |
| | |During the Japanese Occupation, the Japanese |
|Political disadvantage | |treated the Malays leniently in contrast to other |
| | |races because of the policy of divide and rule. |
| | |. |
| | |The Japanese used the Malay Police to hunt down |
| | |resistance fighters. |
| | | |
| | |In contrast, the Chinese were brutally treated. An|
| | |estimated 50,000 Chinese males were murdered during|
| | |the Sook Ching campaign. (Young males were |
| | |screened (examined) and ear-marked for systematic |
| | |massacre if they |
| | |were found to be healthy or showed anti-Japanese |
| | |sentiments (feelings). |
| | | |
| | |This led to social tensions between the 2 races |
| | |after the war. |
|Area |Vietnam |Malaya / Indonesia |
|Military advantage: | | |
| | | |
|Armed by Japanese forces | | |
|and formed into local |Japanese arming and support of the of the Cao Dai |Indian National Army (INA) |
|military units. |and Hoa Hao nationalistic religious movements to |Subhas Chandra Bose |
| |counter the Viet Minh. |Independence struggle for British India. |
| | |Made many Indians think about independence |
| | | |
| | |KRIS - Kekuatan Rakyat Istimewar (Special Strength |
| | |of the People) but it does not have mass appeal.. |
| | | |
| | |Indonesia – Heiho’ (auxiliary soldiers). |
| | |PETA (Pembela Tanah Air, or Defenders of the |
| | |Motherland) under Indonesian nationalist leaders. |
| | |Mutiny in East Java. |
| | |Called themselves Pemuda. Independence call |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |Anti-Japanese movements were led by the Malayan |
| | |Communist Party (MCP). |
|Armed by Allied forces and | |MPAJA (Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army) |
|gained reputation as local |The Viet Minh able to set up its own army. |Chin Peng |
|heroes |The Liberation Army |Experiment with guerilla tactics (hit & run) |
| |Vo Nguyen Giap. |They were given supplies and weapons by the Allies |
|Free from colonial police |Experiment with guerilla tactics (hit & run) |to help fight the Japanese. |
|and military oppression |US weapons and training of technicians from US |- After the war, before British military forces |
| |Office of Strategic Services (OSS) |could arrive to re-occupy Malaya, the MPAJA |
| |Immed after the war, before Allied forces forces |conducted campaigns of terror against Japanese |
| |could arrive in Vietnam, the Viet Minh conducted |collaborators. They had hit lists for people who |
| |campaigns of terror against Japanese collaborators.|co-operated with the Japanese. |
| |(People who helped the Japanese). They had | |
| |hit (wanted) lists for collaborators | |
| | | |
|Area |Vietnam |Malaya / Indonesia |
|Cultural factors: | | |
| | | |
|Limited restriction on |Promotion of education and indochinese culture – |1944/1945. Eg. in Indonesia: Allow for use of the |
|propaganda activities. |new schools. Funds set aside to improve the |Indonesian flag. Singing of the Indonesia Raya. |
|Encouraged to think of |University of Hanoi. Sports movements & rallies to |Maching of Heiho and PETA units in the streets |
|themselves as indigenous |enthuse the youths. | |
|people with rights to the | | |
|land. | | |
| | | |
|Promotion of Japanese | | |
|languages and local | | |
|languages. | | |
|Everything was a plus point for nationalism. |
| |
|The limitations lay in: |
| |
|Ethnic tensions (eg. in Malaya) |
|Starvation & hardship of World War 2 which limited the appeal of mass movements. |
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