Date



|Date |Historical event |Places in London |

| |ROMAN LONDON | |

|1st ad |In the first century, Roman soldiers came to take over Britain. Some of them settled by the Thames and built Londinium. |City of London |

| |The Romans built a bridge over the Thames and there has been a bridge in the same area ever since |Roman Walls |

| | | |

| | |London Bridge |

| |ANGLO-SAXON LONDON 400 –1066 ad | |

|4th ad |The Roman Empire began to fall apart, and they left Britain. People called Angles, Saxons and Jutes came to Britain from |St. Paul’s |

| |Holland, Germany and Denmark. They are called Anglo-Saxons. | |

| |Many people became Christians. In 604 the first St Paul’s Cathedral was built. There is still a St. Paul Cathedral on this| |

| |site today. | |

|9th ad |VIKINGS ATTACKS | |

| |London was attacked by Danish Vikings who sailed up the river and settled there. | |

| |Vikings conquered the whole Britain except the kingdom of Wessex. There, Alfred the Great, started to expand and grow | |

| |against the Danes | |

|1014 |Anglo-Saxons and Norwegian Vikings attacked the Danish Vikings in London. The Danish Vikings threw spears from the old | |

| |London Bridge. The attackers used roofs to protect their boats, tied roped to the bridge and pulled it down. This led to | |

| |the song “London bridge is falling down, falling down…” | |

| | |London Bridge |

|1016 |Viking attacks on London ended when Canute became king in 1016. He united the invaders and the Anglo-Saxons. Peace came | |

| |and London grew wealthy. | |

|1050 |After Canute died, Edward the Confessor became king. He built Westminster Abbey. The Abbey was finished in 1065, just |Westminster Abbey |

| |before Edward died. Edward was buried in the Abbey. After his death, Edward was made a saint. His Abbey no longer stands, | |

| |but there is a Westminster Abbey on the site. The Abbey you see today was built by Henry III. |The Wilton Dyptich |

| |Witans (meeting of the Wise men) later called “Great Council” and Moots (meeting of local lords , sheriff and 4 | |

| |representatives of each village) later called “County Court” were the origins of Parliament in Britain. |Houses of Parliament |

| |MEDIEVAL LONDON 1066-1485 | |

|1066 |After Edward the Confessor’s death, William the Conqueror invaded England from France (Norman invasion). He fought | |

| |against Harold Godwinson in the famous Battle of Hastings. William was finally crowned at Westminster Abbey on Christmas | |

| |day in 1066 and all the kings and queens after him were crowned at the same place. | |

| |William I built Tower of London to defend himself from the anglo-saxons who hated him. |Westminster Abbey |

| | |Tower of London |

|1236 |First known official use of the term Parliament (French “parler”) – Consultative meetings of the English monarch with a |Westminster Palace |

| |large group of nobles and prelates. | |

|1250 |Henry III tore down Romanesque Westminster Abbey and built a new one, in Gothic style. |Westminster Abbey |

| |The centrepiece was a shrine to Edward the Confessor. | |

|1327 |With Edward III, the representatives of the counties and of the towns, became a permanent part of Parliament. They sat | |

| |together in one chamber known as House of Commons. They deliberated separately from the King and his nobles. |Houses of Commons |

| |TUDOR AND ELIZABETHAN LONDON 1485 - 1603 | |

|1485 |Henry VII became king in 1485, followed by Henry VIII. They were the first Tudor kings (family name). He had six wives, |Tower of London |

| |two of them were executed at the Tower of London. He also broke with the Roman church and inaugurated the Church of | |

| |England. | |

| |Henry VIII’s daughter, Elizabeth I, was the last Tudor. The time when she was queen is called the Elizabethan period. | |

| |Under the Tudors, London grew wealthier and bigger, spreading beyond the old City walls. By 1600, it had a population of | |

| |200.000 people. | |

|1533- |The first London theatres were built in Elizabethan times. The Globe Theatre was the most famous. Shakespeare owned part|Globe Theatre |

| |of the Globe and his plays were performed here. | |

|17th |THE STUARTS: DEATH AND DISASTER 1603 - 1714 | |

|1603 |After Elizabeth I died (“The Virgin Queen”), James I became king. (he was king of England and Scotland) . He was the first| |

| |Stuart king. | |

|1605 |The Gunpowder plot. Guy Fawkes and other terrorists tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament. The plot was discovered and| |

| |terrorists were tortured and sentenced to death. Executions included hanging, drawing and quartering. |Parliament |

| | |Tower of London |

|1620 |Mayflower – Puritans fleed to New England to establish the first colonies in North America | |

|1640 |A Civil War broke between Charles I and the Parliament. The king lost and he was executed at the Tower of London. |Parliament |

| | |Tower of London |

| |His son later became king again, Charles II. | |

|1665 |Plague killed about 100.000 people in London – one in three of those who stayed in the city. Many people escaped to the |City of London |

| |countryside. Plague was spread by fleas carried by black rats from ships. | |

ARCHITECTURE AND ART IN BRITAIN AND LONDON

ROMANESQUE STYLE :

NORMAN ARCHITECTURE: The Tower of London

|[pic] | [pic] |

|Simple Buttress | |

| | |

|Barrel vault – Rounded arches | |

|Bóveda de cañón | |

| | |

|[pic] | |

GOTHIC STYLE :

Westminster Abbey – Victorian Gothic: Houses of Parliament

|[pic] |[pic][pic][pic] |[pic] |

| | |Grand, Tall Designs, Which Swept Upwards With Height and Grandeur |

| | |The Flying Buttress |

| | |The Pointed Arch |

| | |The vaulted ceiling (Groin vault or double barrel vault or cross vault) |

| | |The light and airy interior (a lot of big windows, rose stones) |

| | |6.Emphasis upon the decorative style and the ornate. |

BAROQUE STYLE :

STUART ARCHITECTURE : St Paul’s Cathedral

Palladianism Palladio's work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. From the 17th century Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture was adapted as the style known as Palladianism. It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century.

Baroque architecture and art are the children of 17th century Italy and France, eventually spreading through the rest of Europe. This was an era when absolute power was again granted to popes and kings. Edifices were built to glorify that power while keeping the symmetry of Renaissance architecture.

Common Characteristics of Baroque Architecture

Features of Baroque architecture include:

• Twisted columns, sometimes simply decorative instead of supportive

• More curves instead of straight lines

• Highly decorative details and ornaments

• Appearance of movement

• Towers or domes

• An abundance of windows

• Broad naves

• Ceiling frescos

• Optical illusions

• Blending of paintings and architecture

|Date |Historical event |Places in London |

|1666 |The Great Fire of London: it began in a baker’s kitchen in Pudding Lane an lasted four days. The fire destroyed |City of London |

| |four-fifths of the City including the old Saint Paul’s Cathedral, which was later rebuilt by sir Christopher Wren (1711). | |

| | |St Paul’s |

|1694 |Bank of England was established. It is the second oldest central bank in the world. |Bank of England |

| | |City of London |

|18th |THE GEORGIAN ERA | |

|1714 |In George I became king. He began a line of kings and queens called the Hannovers, who ruled Britain until 1837. At this | |

| |time, Britain was one of the most powerful countries in the world, with London at the heart of its trade and art. |Parks in London |

|1759, |The British Museum opened in making it the oldest public museum in the world. |British Museum |

| |James Cook was a British explorer, navigator and captain in the Royal Navy. He achieved the first recorded European |National Maritim Museum |

| |contact with the Australia, Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand. | |

| 1805 |During the Napoleonic wars, Napoleon was determined to invade Britain but he needed to destroy the Royal Navy. In 1805 the|Trafalgar Square |

| |Franco-Spanish fleet came out of port at Trafalgar (Spain). Horatio Nelson engaged them at the Battle of Trafalgar which |Nelson’s column |

| |was Britain’s greatest naval victory. Nelson was fatally wounded and become a national heroe. |St Paul’s |

| | |National Maritim Museum |

|1815 |The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815 near Waterloo in present-day Belgium An Imperial French army | |

| |under the command of Emperor Napoleon was defeated by the armies of the Seventh Coalition, comprising an Anglo-Allied army| |

| |under the command of Duke of Wellington. |Tower of London |

| | |Waterloo bridge |

|1825 |National Gallery is founded on Trafalgar Square, London. |National Gallery. |

|1834 |A fire destroyed the Old Palace of Westminster –Houses of Parliament . A new palace was built in its place, the one you |Houses of Parliament |

| |can see now. | |

| |VICTORIAN LONDON | |

|1837 | Victoria became Queen at the age of 18. The time while she was queen is called the Victorian era. At this time, London |Victorian Tower |

| |was the heart of a powerful Empire. The city was busy with trade and industry, and it grew fast. By the time Victoria died|Albert Memorial |

| |in 1901, London was a very different city. |Buckingham Palace |

|1866 |Today’s transport system began to develop around this time and motor buses , tube were introduced. (Industrial Revolution)|Transport of London – tube |

| | |-trains |

|1884 |The Greenwich Meridian was chosen as the Prime Meridian of the World. |Royal Observatory |

| | |Greenwich. |

| |THE TWENTIETH CENTURY | |

|1910 |In the early part of the century many luxury hotels, theatres and restaurants were built. Big stores like Selfridges and |Harrods |

| |Harrods were popular, too. |Theatres |

| | |Oxford Street |

|1940 |Second World War- the Blitz – London was struck by hundreds of Hitler-Germany bombs on 10 October 1940 till April 1941. | |

| |Some of its oldest buildings were badly damaged. After the war, the City was completely changed by new buildings. Wilston |St Paul’s |

| |Churchill was Prime Minister then and he became famous for his speeches. He was also awarded by Nobel Prize of Literatue. |City of London |

| | |10, Downing Street |

| | |Westminster Abbey |

|1952 |Queen Elizabeth II ascended the throne. She was crowned in Westminster Abbey in 1953. She celebrated 60th anniversary | |

| |last year. She has four children: Charles, Andrew, Edward and Anne. The eldest son, Charles, is the heir to the throne. |Buckingham Palace |

| |Her grandson William married Kate Middleton last year and they are the most popular members of the royal family. | |

|1960 |Britain became the world’s center of Pop music and fashion. The Beatles, Rolling Stones… |British Music Museum |

| |MILLENIUM LONDON | |

|2000 |The arrival of the new millennium was marked by the opening of many new attractions and exhibitions so there is more to |London eye, |

| |see and do in London than ever before. |Millenium bridge |

| | |02 Arena |

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