OUTSIDERS

[Pages:98]OUTSIDERS

STUDIES IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF DEVIANCE

Howard S. Beckeif'

THE FREE PRESS, New YOTk COLLIER-MACMILLAN LIMITED, London

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10

Sometimes I ain't so sho who's got ere a right to say when a man is crazy and when he ain't. Someti,"es I think it ain't none of us pure crazy a1ld ain't none of lIS pure sane until tbe balance of us talks him that-a-way. It's like it ain't so mucb wbat a fellow does, but it's the way tbe majority of folks is looking at bim wben he does it.

William Faulkner, AS I LAY DYING

Acknowledgments

FOUR chapters of this book originally appeared in slightly different form elsewhere. Chapter 3 ap-

peared in the American Journa{of Sociology, UX (November, 1953); Chapter 5 appeared in the same journal, LVII

(September, 1951). Both are reprinted here with the permission of the Journal and the University of Chicago Press. Chapter 4 appeared in Human Organization, 12 (Spring, 1953), and is reprinted here with the permission of the Society for Applied Anthropology. Chapter 6 appeared in Social Problems, 3 (July, 1955), and is reprinted with the permission of the Society for the Study of Social Problems.

The material in Chapters 3 and 4 was originally prepared

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

as a Master's thesis in Sociology at the University of Chicago, under the direction of Everett C. Hughes, W. Lloyd Warner, and Harvey L. Smith. Dan C. Lortie commented on an early draft of one of the papers.

I did the research on which Chapters 5 aud 6 are based while I was a member of the staff of the Chicago Narcotics Survey, a project undertaken by the Chicago Area Projects, Inc., with the help of a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health. Harold Finestone, Eliot Freidson, Erving Goffman, Solomon Kobrin, Henry McKay, Anselm Strauss, and the late R. Richard Wahl criticized early versions of these papers.

I am greatly indebted to Blanche Geer, wh'} read and discussed several versions of the entire manuscript with me. My thinlting on questions of deviance, as on all matters sociological, owes much to my friend and teacher, Everett C. Hughes.

Dorothy Seelinger, Kathryn James, and Lois Stoops typed the several versions of the manuscript with patience and care.

viii

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Vll

., OUTSIDERS

1

Definitions of Deviance

3

Deviance and tbe Responses of Otbers

8

Wbose Rules?

15

:1 KINDS OF DEVIANCE: A Sequential Model 19

Simultaneous and Sequential Models of

Deviance

22

Deviant Careers

25

3 BECOMING A MARIHUANA USER

41

Learning tbe Tecbnique

46

Learning to Perceive tbe Effects

48

Learning to Enjoy the Effects

53

4- MARIHUANA USE

AND SOCIAL CONTROL

59

Supply

62

Secrecy

66

Morality

72

CONTENTS

5 THE CULTURE OF A DEVIANT

GROUP: The Dance Musician

79

The Research

83

Musician and "Square"

85

Reactions to the Conflict

91

Isolation and Self-Segregation

95

6 CAREERS IN

A DEVIANT OCCUPATIONAL

GROUP: The Dance Musician

101

Cliques and Success

103

Parents and Wives

114

l' RULES AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT 121

Stages of Enforcement

129

An lIlustrative Case: The Mari/JUana Tax Act 135

III MORAL ENTREPRENEURS

147

Rule Creators

147

The Fate of Moral Crusades

152

Rule Enforcers

155

Deviance and Enterprise: A Summary

162

$; THE STUDY OF DEVIANCE:

Problems and Sympathies

165

INDEX

177

OUTSIDERS

1 Outsiders

ALL social groups make rules and attempt, at some times and under some circumstances, to enforce them. Social rules define situations and the kinds of behavior appropriate to them, specifying some actions as "right" and forbidding others as "wrong." When a rule is enforced, the person who is supposed to have broken it may be seen as a special kind of person, one who cannot be trusted to live by the rules agreed on by the group. He is regarded as an outsider.

But rhe person who is thus labeled an outsider may have a different view of the matter. He may not accept the rule by which he is being judged and may not regard those who judge

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