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Cellular Respiration Study List
• Know it all!! Step by Step!! I suggest you tell yourself the whole story from the beginning and keep doing it until you can say it all!
• It may help to do the drawings project (at least one copy since everyone needs to do one anyways)
• Items in italics can be practiced through the table attached. I encourage you to complete the table yourself without looking at the answers!
ATP
• Enzymes that destroy / builds ATP
• Name of ATP making process (in cellular respiration)
• Name of ATP breaking process
• Structure (# of phosphate bonds; position of high-energy bond; 3 parts)
Cellular Respiration General Facts:
• Overall formula
• 4 Stages
• Aerobic vs. anaerobic cellular respiration steps (require vs. not require oxygen)
• Which steps produce / do not produce carbon dioxide?
• Which steps involve / do not involve the mitochondria?
• Energy Carriers other than ATP (Uncharged & Uncharged versions; Most / Least Energy)
• Gas that comes from the breakdown of glucose
Fermentation
• Alternative glucose burning pathway & why do cells sometimes do it
• Animal Fermentation (Reactants / Products / How many of each)
• Yeast Fermentation (Reactants / Products / How many of each)
• Basic differences between yeast and animal fermentation
• When muscles are over-tasked, what process do cells start using? What happens to muscles then?
Mitochondria
• Respiration Organelle
• Structures: Cristae; Matrix; Outer Membrane; Own DNA; Double Membrane (know what’s what)
Glycolysis
• Carriers (other than ATP) produced (Name / How many of each)
• Location
• Total number of ATP produced? Net ATP? Why the difference?
• Glycolysis outcome (Name products / How many of each)
• How many carbons per molecule (on the main product)
Grooming
• Reactants / Products
• Location (Cytoplasm ( Mitochondria)
• Would ATP be required at this stage if not performed inside mitochondria?
Krebs cycle
• Biochemical pathway!
• Total energy carriers (all spins; including ATP)
• Spins per glucose (Why?)
• Carbon dioxide molecules per spin cycle
• Location
ETC
• Location
• Description (Provided below)
o Carriers split yielding protons and electrons
o 3 proton pumps build proton gradient by pumping out the protons that come from the splitting carriers
o Electrons from carriers serve as energy to power the pumps
o Oxygen molecules accept electrons at the end of the chain as they combine with protons (from carriers and from ATP-Synthase) to make water
o ATP is produced as protons are allowed back through proton channel (ATP-Synthase)
• ATP per NADH
• ATP per FADH2
• Total ATP from ETC
Summary
• ATP, NADH, FADH2 from glycolysis
• ATP, NADH, FADH2 from grooming
• ATP, NADH, FADH2 from Krebs
• ATP from ETC
• Total ATP if process done completely on cytoplasm? with help of mitochondria? Why the difference? Why is it still worth using mitochondria? Which type of cells do this?
• Type of compounds broken on respiration? What happens if these compounds are not available?
| Process |Glycolysis |Alcohol Fermentation |Lactic Acid Fermentation|Grooming |Krebs |ETC |
| | | | | |(Total) | |
|Required |H2O | | | | | | |
|(Quantity) | | | | | | | |
| |ADP | | | | | | |
| |ATP | | | | | | |
| |NAD+ | | | | | | |
| |NADH | | | | | | |
| |FAD | | | | | | |
| |FADH2 | | | | | | |
| |O2 | | | | | | |
| |CO2 | | | | | | |
|Produced |H2O | | | | | | |
|(Quantity) | | | | | | | |
| |ADP | | | | | | |
| |ATP | | | | | | |
| |NAD+ | | | | | | |
| |NADH | | | | | | |
| |FAD | | | | | | |
| |FADH2 | | | | | | |
| |O2 | | | | | | |
| |CO2 | | | | | | |
|Carbon Molecule reactant | | | | | | |
|(name & number of carbons) | | | | | | |
|Carbon Molecule products | | | | | | |
|(name & number of carbons) | | | | | | |
|Location | | | | | | |
|Net ATP produced | | | | | | |
|Running Total |ATP | | | | | | |
|(if you go in order) | | | | | | | |
| |NADH | | | | | | |
| |FADH2 | | | | | | |
| |CO2 | | | | | | |
| |H2O | | | | | | |
To read running totals remember:
After glycolysis you go to one of the following:
• Anaerobic: Fermentation
o Alcohol (Yeast/Fungus)
o Lactic Acid (Animals)
• Aerobic:
1) Grooming
2) Krebs
3) ETC
Note about Krebs cycle (Biochemical pathway ( series of chemical reactions)
1) Oxaloacetic acid (4C) is present at the beginning and combines with Acetyl CoA (2C) from grooming to make Citric Acid (6C)
2) In 2 steps, carbons (2) are removed from Citric Acid to combine with O2 forming 2CO2
3) The 4 carbon molecule that stays behind will be reconfigured back into Oxaloacetic acid (4C) in 2 steps.
In above steps (2-3) energy carriers are “charged”
1. First carbon removed: NAD+ + 2H+ ( NADH + H+
2. Second carbon removed: NAD+ + 2H+ ( NADH + H+
ADP + PO4 ( ATP
3. First recombination towards Oxaloacetic acid = NAD+ + 2H+ ( NADH + H+
4. Second recombination towards Oxaloacetic acid = NAD+ + 2H+ ( NADH + H+
4) Cycle restarts
TOTAL: 1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
Since grooming makes 2 Acetyl CoA, the cycle must be completed twice to handle each part of glucose so the grand total is:
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
Note about NADH
What actually happens is when NADH forms is that NAD+ combines with 2H+ to make NADH + H+. In other words, although the extra H+ does not combine to NAD+, the whole reaction cannot happen without it. You need 2H+ to make the reaction take place (explanation: it actually involved hidden, as in not taught, biochemical steps). Because of this, some books refer to the NADH + H+ complex as NADH2 even though NADH does nto technically combine to the extra H+
Note about CoA
All of these steps require enzymes. For example CoA combines with Pyruvate in the grooming phase to form Acetyl CoA. Then as Acetyl CoA enter the cycle to combine with Oxaloacetic acid to form Citric Acid, the CoA is released to go back into the grooming phase. It is NOT used up.
Table Answer Key
| Process |Glycolysis |Alcohol |Lactic Acid |Grooming |Krebs |ETC |
| | |Fermentation |Fermentation | |(Total) | |
|Endergonic |ADP + PO4 ( ATP |4 |2 |2 |0 |2 |34 |
|(Storing energy) | | | | | | | |
| |NAD+ + 2H+ ( NADH + H+ |2 |0 |0 |2 |6 |0 |
| |FAD+ + 2H+ ( FADH2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |
|Exergonic |ATP ( ADP + PO4 |2 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |
|(Releasing energy) | | | | | | | |
| |FADH ( FAD+ + 2H+ |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |
| |NADH + H+( NAD+ + 2H+ |0 |2 |2 |0 |0 |10 |
|Carbon removed from glucose + O2 ( CO2 |0 |2 |0 |2 |4 |0 |
|H+ + O2 ( H2O |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | |
|Carbon Molecule reactant |1 |2 |2 |2 |2 |N/A |
|(name, count, & number of carbons per molecule) |Glucose |Pyruvate |Pyruvate |Pyruvate |Acetyl CoA | |
| |(6C) |(3C) |(3C) |(3C) |(2C) | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |CoA |2 Oxaloacetic | |
| | | | | |Acid | |
| | | | | |(4C) | |
|Carbon Molecule products |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 Oxaloacetic |N/A |
|(name, count, & number of carbons per molecule) |Pyruvate |Ethanol |Lactic Acid |Acetyl CoA |Acid | |
| |(3C) |(2C) |(3C) |(2C) |(4C) | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | |CoA | |
|Location |Cytoplasm |Cytoplasm |Cytoplasm |Cytoplasm ( |Mitochondria |Mitochondria |
| | | | |Mitochondria |(Matrix) |(Crystae) |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |* | | |
| | | | | |* |* |
|Net ATP produced |2 |2 |2 |-2 |2 |34 |
|Running Total |ATP |2 |4 |4 |0 |2 |36 |
|(if you go in order by | | | | | | | |
|using mitochondria) | | | | | | | |
| |NADH |2 |0 |0 |4 |10 |0 |
| |FADH2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |
| |CO2 |0 |2 |0 |2 |6 |6 |
| |H2O |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |
* Note: This may happen in the cytoplasm. However, since inside mitochondria reactions are restricted to cellular respiration only, enzymes do not have trouble finding their substrate (as it would be in the crowded cytoplasm where thousands of other reactions also take place. The overall outcome is more efficiency (mitochondria acts as an enzyme)
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