The Structure and Function of Plastids
[Pages:9]The Structure and Function of Plastids
Edited by
Robert R. Wise
University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh WI, USA and
J. Kenneth Hoober
Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
Contents
From the Series Editor Contents Preface A Dedication to Pioneers of Research on Chloroplast Structure Color Plates
Section I Plastid Origin and Development
1 The Diversity of Plastid Form and Function Robert R. Wise
Summary I. Introduction II. The Plastid Family III. Chloroplasts and their Specializations IV. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References
2 Chloroplast Development: Whence and Whither J. Kenneth Hoober
Summary I. Introduction II. Brief Review of Plastid Evolution III. Development of the Chloroplast IV. Overview of Photosynthesis References
3 Protein Import Into Chloroplasts: Who, When, and How? Ute C. Vothknecht and Ju? rgen Soll
Summary I. Introduction II. On the Road to the Chloroplast III. Protein Translocation via Toc and Tic IV. Variations on Toc and Tic Translocation V. Protein Translocation and Chloroplast Biogenesis VI. The Evolutionary Origin of Toc and Tic VII. Intraplastidal Transport VIII. Protein Translocation into Complex Plastids References
xi
v xi xix xxi xxxiii
3?25
3 4 5 13 20 21 21
27?51
27 28 28 32 43 46
53?74
53 54 56 58 63 64 66 66 69 70
4 Origin and Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids Naoki Sato
Summary I. Introduction: Unification and Diversity II. Endosymbiotic Origin of Plastids: The Major Unifying Principle III. Origin and Evolution of Plastid Diversity IV. Conclusion: Opposing Principles in the Evolution of Plastids Acknowledgements References
5 The Mechanism of Plastid Division: The Structure and Origin of The Plastid Division Apparatus Shin-ya Miyagishima and Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
Summary I. Introduction II. Regulation of Timing and Mode of Plastid Division III. Structural and Molecular Mechanisms of Plastid Division IV. Conclusions and Future Research Directions Acknowledgements References
75?102
76 76 78 85 97 98 98
103?121
104 104 105 107 116 117 117
Section II The Plastid Genome and its Interaction with the Nuclear Genome
6 Expression, Prediction and Function of the Thylakoid Proteome in Higher Plants and Green Algae
Klaas van Wijk
125?143
Summary
125
I. Introduction
126
II. Experimental Identification and Function of the Thylakoid
Proteome in Chloroplasts of Plants and Algae
126
III. Properties and Prediction of the Thylakoid Proteome in Higher Plants 132
IV. Characterizing Thylakoid Protein Complexes and Protein?Protein
Interactions
133
V. Post-Translational Modifications of the Thylakoid Proteome in Plants and
Green Algae
134
VI. Expression Analysis of the Thylakoid Proteome or Comparative
Thylakoid Proteomics in Plants and Green Algae
137
VII. Bioinformatics Resources for Plastid Proteomics Data
138
VIII. Conclusions
138
Acknowledgements
140
References
140
xii
7 The Role of Nucleus- and Chloroplast-Encoded Factors in the
Synthesis of the Photosynthetic Apparatus
145?165
Jean-David Rochaix
Summary
145
I. Introduction
146
II. The Basic Chloroplast Gene Expression System
146
III. Genetic Approach: Role of Ancillary Factors in Chloroplast
Gene Expression
148
IV. Perspectives
160
Acknowledgements
161
References
161
8 Plastid Transcription: Competition, Regulation and Promotion
by Plastid- and Nuclear-Encoded Polymerases
167?181
A. Bruce Cahoon, Yutaka Komine and David B. Stern
Summary
167
I. Introductory Remarks
168
II. Plastid-Encoded Polymerase (PEP)
169
III. Nuclear-Encoded Polymerase (NEP)
174
IV. The Big Picture: Transcriptional Regulation in Chloroplasts
177
References
178
9 Plastid-to-Nucleus Signaling A? sa Strand, Tatjana Kleine and Joanne Chory
Summary I. Introduction II. Intracellular Communication During Chloroplast Development III. Retrograde Communication Through "Plastid Signals" IV. Mg-ProtoIX, a Link Between the Plastids and the Nucleus V. Plastid-Responsive Promoter Elements in Nuclear Genes VI. Interaction Between Light- and Plastid-Signaling Pathways VII. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References
183?197
183 184 184 185 189 191 193 194 194 194
10 Trace Metal Utilization in Chloroplasts Sabeeha Merchant
Summary I. Introduction II. Fe III. Cu IV. Mn V. Questions for Future Investigation Acknowledgments References
199?218
200 200 202 209 211 212 213 213
xiii
Section III Photosynthetic Metabolism in Plastids
11 Light/Dark Regulation of Chloroplast Metabolism
221?236
Shaodong Dai, Kenth Johansson, Hans Eklund and Peter Schu? rmann
Summary
221
I. Introduction
222
II. Ferredoxins
223
III. Chloroplast Thioredoxins: f and m Type Thioredoxins
224
IV. Ferredoxin: Thioredoxin Reductase
225
V. Target Enzymes
228
VI. Conclusions and Perspectives
233
Acknowledgements
233
References
233
12 Chlororespiratory Pathways and Their Physiological Significance Peter J. Nixon and Peter R. Rich
Summary I. Introduction II. Analyses of Arabidopsis and Chlamydomonas Genomes
for Viable Candidate Components III. Overview of Proposed Pathways IV. Physiological Role of Plastid Respiratory Enzymes V. Conclusions and Prospects Acknowledgements References
237?251
237 238
238 241 247 248 248 248
13 CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms Sue G. Bartlett, Mautusi Mitra and James V. Moroney
Summary I. Introduction II. Carbonic Anhydrases III. Cyanobacterial Model of CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms IV. CO2 Uptake in Eukaryotic Algal Cells V. CO2 Uptake in Higher Plants VI. The Significance of the CCM and Future Research Directions Acknowledgements References
253?271
253 254 255 256 260 263 265 267 267
14 Synthesis, Export and Partitioning of the End Products of Photosynthesis Andreas P.M. Weber
Summary I. Introduction II. Biosynthesis of Sucrose and Transitory Starch III. Breakdown of Transitory Starch and Export of Breakdown
Products
273?292
274 274 275
277
xiv
IV. Photosynthetic Carbon Oxidation Cycle
282
V. Keeping the Balance--Partitioning of Recently Assimilated Carbon
into Multiple Pathways
286
VI. Conclusions and Further Directions
288
Aknowledgements
288
References
288
Section IV Non-Photosynthetic Metabolism in Plastids
15 Chlorophyll Synthesis Robert D. Willows
Summary I. Introduction: Overview of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis II. Protoporphyrin IX to Chlorophyll III. Regulation of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis References
16 Carotenoids Abby J. Cuttriss, Joanna L. Mimica, Barry J. Pogson and Crispin A. Howitt
Summary I. Introduction II. Carotenoid Biosynthesis III. Regulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis IV. Carotenoid Function V. Conclusions and Future Directions Acknowledgements References
17 Lipid Synthesis, Metabolism and Transport Peter Do? rmann
Summary I. Introduction II. Structure and Distribution of Glycerolipids in Chloroplasts III. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids in Plastids IV. Glycerolipid Synthesis V. Function of Chloroplast Lipids VI. Lipid Trafficking Acknowledgments References
18 Amino Acid Synthesis in Plastids Muriel Lancien, Peter J. Lea and Ricardo A. Azevedo
Summary I. Introduction II. Synthesis of Glutamine
xv
295?313
295 296 296 305 307
315?334
315 316 316 325 325 329 329 329
335?353
335 336 337 337 341 345 348 350 350
355?385
355 356 356
III. Synthesis of Glutamate
359
IV. The Aspartate Pathway
364
V. Synthesis of Branched Chain Amino Acids
367
VI. Synthesis of Aromatic Amino Acids
370
References
377
19 Sulfur Metabolism in Plastids Elizabeth A.H. Pilon-Smits and Marinus Pilon
Summary I. Introduction II. Sulfur Compounds and Their Properties III. Biosynthesis and Functions of S Compounds IV. Regulation of S Metabolism V. Involvement of S Pathways in Metabolism of Other Oxyanions VI. Transgenic Approaches to Study and Manipulate S Metabolism Acknowledgements References
387?402
387 387 388 389 394 396 397 398 398
20 Regulation and Role of Ca++ Fluxes in the Chloroplast Carl Hirschie Johnson, Richard Shingles, and William F. Ettinger
Summary I. Introduction II. Ca++ Fluxes Across Chloroplast Membranes III. Light/Dark Regulation of Ca++ Fluxes in the Chloroplast IV. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References
403?416
403 404 407 410 413 414 414
Section V Plastid Differentiation and Response to Environmental Factors
21 The Role of Plastids in Ripening Fruits Florence Bouvier and Bilal Camara
Summary I. Introduction II. Plastid Differentiation III. Plastid Biogenesis and Molecular Regulation IV. Conclusions References
419?432
419 419 420 421 428 428
22 Fate and Activities of Plastids During Leaf Senescence Karin Krupinska
433?449
Summary
433
I. Introduction
434
II. Decline in Plastid Population of Mesophyll Cells During Senescence 435
III. Reversibility of Gerontoplast Differentiation and Loss of Plastid DNA 435
xvi
IV. Senescence-Related Changes in the Ultrastructure of Plastids
436
V. Degradation of Thylakoid Membrane Lipids
439
VI. Degradation and Mobilization of Proteins
441
VII. Pigment Catabolism
442
VIII. Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Changes in
Antioxidative Systems
444
IX. Plastid Function in Relation to Senescence Signalling
444
Acknowledgements
445
References
445
23 The Kleptoplast Mary E. Rumpho, Farahad P. Dastoor, James R. Manhart and Jungho Lee
Summary I. Introduction II. Evidence for Kleptoplasty III. Selection and Uptake Processes IV. Functional Capacity of Sacoglossan Kleptoplasts V. What Sustains the Longevity of the Elysia chlorotica/Vaucheria
litorea Kleptoplast Association? VI. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References
451?473
452 452 453 459 461
464 469 469 469
24 The Apicoplast Soledad Funes, Xochitl Pe? rez-Mart?inez, Adria? n Reyes-Prieto, Diego Gonza? lez-Halphen
Summary I. Introduction II. A Brief History of the Studies on the Apicoplast III. What is the Physiological Role of the Apicoplast? IV. Structure and Expression of the Apicoplast Genome V. Protein Targeting to Apicoplasts VI. Metabolism and Inhibitor Drug Targeting VII. Evolutionary Origin of the Apicoplast VIII. Future Studies and Prospects for Disease Control Acknowledgments References
475?505
476 477 478 480 481 484 489 493 497 498 498
25 The Role of Plastids in Gravitropism Maria Palmieri and John Z. Kiss
Summary I. Introduction II. Gravitropism III. Methods to Study the Role of Plastids in Gravitropism IV. Future Studies Acknowledgements References
507?525
507 508 509 517 520 522 522
xvii
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