Suppose that , and are estimators of the parameter

P-Values. Definition: The probability of observing a value as extreme or more extreme than the observed value. It is computed as the tail area with reference to the observed test statistic. For one-sided test, it is the left or the right tail. If left tail, and test statistic is z1=(-1) then p value is given by the R command > pnorm(-1) [1] 0.1586553 ................
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