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Human Anatomy and Physiology Guided Notes: Introduction1. What is Anatomy and Physiology?__________________– the study of the structures and relationships between the parts___________________ – the study of the function of body parts and the body as a wholeAnatomy will name a bone and its position while physiology will describe its function, growth, repair, and importance to rest of body2. Characteristics of Life__________________ - self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts _______________________ (irritability) - Ability to sense changes within, or around the organism and react to them ________________- increase in body size ______________________ - Parents produce offspring / producing new individuals ______________________ - Obtaining oxygen (O2), using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes ___________________ - Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes _____________________ - Passage of Digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids ______________________ - Movement of substances throughout the body Assimilation - Changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances Excretion - Removal of wastes 3. Levels of OrganizationChemical – atoms and molecules provide framework for all living activities______________ – smallest unit of life; structural unit____________________ – group of cells with common function______________________ – different tissues working together to perform activity__________________ system – two or more organs working together to accomplish a taskOrganism – obtain and process energy, respond to stimuli, and ability to reproduce4. Organ Systems11 organ systems make up the organism:The organ systems work together, not in isolation 5. IntegumentaryForms the ____________________ body coveringProtects deeper tissue from injurySynthesizes Vitamin DLocation of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) _________________ and _________ and oil glands6. Skeletal System_____________________ and supports body organsProvides a framework the muscles use to cause movement________________ cells formed within bonesStores minerals7. Muscular SystemAllows manipulation of the environment, _____________________, and facial expressionMaintains postureProduces _________________8. Nervous SystemFast-acting _____________________ system of the bodyResponds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands9. Endocrine SystemGlands secrete hormones that ____________________ processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells10. Cardiovascular SystemBlood vessels transport blood, which carries _________________, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc.The heart pumps blood11. Lymphatic SystemPicks up fluid leaked from _________________ vessels and returns it to bloodDisposes of debris in the lymphatic streamHouses white blood cells involved in _______________________12. Respiratory SystemKeeps blood constantly supplied with _______________ and removes carbon dioxideThe gaseous ____________________occurs through the walls of air sacs in the lungs13. Digestive SystemBreaks _________ down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cellsIndigestible food stuffs are eliminated as feces14. Urinary SystemEliminates nitrogenous __________________ from the bodyRegulates _________________, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood15. Reproductive SystemOverall function of the reproductive system is production of _____________________Male:__________________ produce sperm and male sex hormoneDucts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tractFemale:__________________ produce eggs and female sex hormonesRemaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus.Mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn16. Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, arms down at side with palms forwardDirectional terms used to describe relative position of one part to another17. Directional Terms______________________ (Ventral) – frontPosterior (Dorsal) – back______________________ – nearDistal – farLateral – to the sideMedial - toward middle______________________ – aboveInferior – below18. Anterior Body Landmarks Abdominal – anterior body trunk inferior to ribs______________________ – point of shoulder________________________ – forearm____________________ – anterior surface of elbowAxillary – armpit________________________ – armBuccal – cheek area_____________________ – wristCervical – neck region______________________ –hipCrural –leg_______________________ – curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle__________________ – fingers, toesFemoral – thigh_______________________ – lateral part of leg_____________________ – area where thigh meets body trunk; groin_____________________ – nose area_________________ – mouth________________________– eye area_____________________ – anterior kneePelvic – area overlying the pelvis anteriorly Pubic – genital region__________________________– breastbone area_____________________________ – ankle region_____________________________ – chestUmbilical – navel19. Posterior Body Landmarks__________________________ – heel of foot_____________________________ – headFemoral – thigh____________________ – buttockLumbar – area of back between ribs and hips_____________________________ – posterior surface of head_________________________ – posterior surface of elbowPopliteal – posterior knee areaSacral – area between hips_____________________________ – shoulder blade regionSural – posterior surface of lower leg; calf___________________________ – area of spinePlantar (interior body) – sole of the foot Body Planes and SectionsTo look at the internal structures of the body, physicians make a _______________, or cut.When a section goes through an organ, it is along an imaginary line called a ________________. Sagittal SectionSagittal section – cut along lenthwise (logitudinal) plane of the body, diving into ___ and ____If L and R are equal and cut is down the median plane of the body, it is called a _____________________ or __________________________ section Frontal SectionFrontal section – cut along the lengthwise plane that divides the body into __________________ and posterior parts. Also called a ___________________ section. Transverse SectionTransverse section – cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body into ___________________ and inferior parts.Also called a _____________________ sectionBody CavitiesBody ___________________ provide different degrees of protection to the organs within them. There are two: dorsal and ventral.Dorsal body cavity –two divisions:_________________ cavity – space inside skull________________ cavity – extends from cranial cavity to end of vertebral column.Vertebrae surround spinal cavity Body Cavities_______________________body cavity is much larger than the dorsal cavity.Contains all structures within the chest and abdomenSubdivisions:Superior ________________________ cavity – separated by diaphragmProtected by rib cage_______________________ - separates lungs, houses heart, trachea________________________ cavity Abdominal cavity –contains stomach, liver, intestinesPelvic cavity – reproductive organs, bladder, rectum HomeostasisConditions remaining relatively stableResponse of an organism to __________________ maintains homeostasis of the organismOperates on a ___________________________feedback cycle. Negative FeedbackControl center in brain, set point at 37°C.When body temp climbs above 37.2°C, heat loss is increased through blood flow to skin.Similar to thermostat, with set point and effector response to return to normal temp.What is an example of positive feedback?____________________. Oxytocin is a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions. As contractions occur more oxytocin is released and so on. HomeostasisAll homeostatic control mechanisms have:___________________ – sensor that monitor and responds to changes in environment (stimuli)________________________ pathway from receptor to control centerControl Center – determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained and determines appropriate responseEffector – controls means for response__________________________ pathway from control center to effector HomeostasisBody temperature is an example of something that the human body maintains through homeostasis = human thermoregulationExample: HeatReceptor?Skin cellsControl Center?Hypothalamus Effector?Sweat glands secrete sweat; causing heat loss by evaporative cooling ................
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