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[pic] Sexually

female male Transmitted

Diseases

Sexually Transmitted Diseases: STD’s are communicable disease spread person-person via sex’l contact or intercourse; rates of STD’s are steadily rising: nearly 3 million adolescents contract an STD each yr. 1 in 4 will become infxd before graduating high school. The only sure, 100% prevention is being sexually chaste & abstinent ‘till marriage.

What are STD’s and how common are they?

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) are more than 25 diseases spread through the process of sexual contact.

STD’s are very common, with over 40 million people having chronic genital herpes and 4 million new chlamydia cases diagnosed every year.

Who is at risk of getting STD’s?

Anyone who is sexually active can contract a sexually transmitted disease.STD’s infect men and women of all ages. It is important to note that women are at greater risk of contracting STD’s because of basic anatomy differences. Teenagers are at the highest risk of getting an STD due to high risk behaviors.

I Gonorrhea: caused by Neiseeria gonorrhoae, a bac that lives in the warm, moist areas of the body, primarily in the lining of the urethra of the [pic] & cervix of the [pic] .

Symptoms: usually appear between 3 days – 3 weeks after infxn; symptoms may go away on their own, but the disease is still present in the body. Symptoms aren’t always obvious – particularly true in [pic]; in the[pic]symptoms may include a slight dis- charge during urination, abnormal period, abdominal cramps or tenderness. In the [pic] a whitish discharge from the penis & burning during urination. [pic] Lymph nodes in the groin may become enlarged.

B. Diagnosis & Treatment: gon. can only be confirmed by a bac culture from the discharge from the penis or vagina; the PAP test is for cervical cancer NOT STD’s.

Most cases can be easily cured if detected early. Most antibiotics are effective; however, there’s a new gon strain that’s resistant to penicillin so different antibiotics must be used. The body doesn’t become immune to gon or others STD’s; one can be reinfxd & a person can be infxd w/several STD’s @ the same time. There is only one sure means of not getting an STD: abstinence ‘till marriage.

C. Problems w/untreated gon: if not diagnosed or untreated or treated, gon can enter the bloodstream & spread thru-out the body. It can then cause high To, sores, & painful joints; sometime the joints, heart valves, & nerves become infxd.

Untreated gon can cause sterility in [pic] & [pic] . In pregnant[pic], gon can cause premature or stillbirths. Children born to infxd mother’s can enter the baby’s eyes & cause blindness. Drs. treat all newborns w/eye drops as a prevention.

II Syphilis: caused by spirochete bac treponema pallidum [pic]; it’s one of the most dangerous of all STD’s; if left untreated, it can damage vital organs, such a the heart, liver, lungs, kidney, & CNS including the brain. It can cause heart disease, blindness, & insanity.

A. Symptoms: develop in 4 stages.

1. Primary Stage: 1st sign is a chancre: a reddish sore @ the entry site of the m/o, usually the genitals, which appears 10-90 days after contact w/an infxd person.

It lasts 1-5 weeks & will go away, even if untreated. However, the disease is still developing.

[pic][pic][pic]

2. Secondary Stage: if not treated early, the pathogen will circulate in the blood; w/in 1-6 months, the highly contagious 2nd stage of syph will appear; symptoms include a non itching rash on the chest, back of arms & legs. [pic]

In[pic], a rash is found in the outer edges of the vagina. Sores may develop filled w/the m/o. There’s swelling in the lymph nodes under the arms & groin; fever, sore throat, & malaise are common. W/o treatment symptoms disappear but the disease continues.

3. Latent Stage: 3rd stage begins 2 or> yrs after initial infxn. All signs have disappeared. It’s in this stage that syph begins to attack the heart, bld vsls, &CNS; damage is slow & steady; people can relapse into the 2nd stage: sores will reappear. [pic]

4. Neurosyphilis: if untreated, syph moves into this final stage w/in 10-30 yrs; symptoms involve the heart, skin, &CNS; a person losses mslr coordina- tion, may become blind &/or insane. At this stage, syph can be treated but NOT cured.

B. Diagnosis & Treatment: test for syph is a blood test from bld or sores. Pen is the main drug used; however, no matter how effective the treatment, it can NOT undo damage already done. That’s why early treatment is crucial. There’s no immunity to syph, so one can become reinfxd.

C. Congenital Syphilis: is when a mother passes it to her child in utero. There is an > chance of a miscarriage & 2X the chance of a stillborn baby. If the baby is born w/the infxn, symptoms appear w/in 3-4 weeks. If diagnosed early enough, penicillin can protect the fetus.

III. Herpes Simplex II: Genital herpes. Caused by the virus HSV 2 (HSV 1 cause cold sores although both can cause either); the CDC has put out that herpes is at an epidemic level.

A. Symptoms: include painful, itching sores in or around the genitals appearing 2-20 days after infxn. They may last 3 weeks. Other symptoms include fever & burning during urination. W/friction & moisture, herpes can spread to other body parts; that’s why one is told not to run the infxd area & keep it dry.

B. Diagnosis & Treatment: lab test of the sore confirm HSV2; there is NO cure, but medication to treat the symptoms. The virus remains dormant in the nerves & blisters can reoccur @anytime. Stress can bring on the blisters. Its when there are blisters that HSV2 can be transmitted.

A pregnant woman can transmit to her unborn child which may cause death or deformity; if transmitted during delivery & untreated the child may be permanently damaged or die. If the woman knows she is infxd, a “C” sxn is done.

[pic] [pic]

As displayed in this image, herpes outbreaks often consist This image displays blisters and swelling on the labia blisters closely spaced together, of and more redness due to the herpes simplex virus. than fluid, sometimes with subtle blistering

[pic]

[pic] buttocks [pic] vagina [pic] penis

[pic]

IV Chlamydia: is caused by on of several chlamyda bac. C. trachomatis is found only in humans. It is the most prevalent STD in the U.S.; it affects the vagina in [pic], & the urethra in [pic] . [pic]

If not treated, serious damage can be done to the reprodxn organs. Chalamydia is a common cause of sterility.

A. Symptoms: in [pic] pain & burning during urination & an unusual discharge from the penis, occurring 1-3 weeks after exposure; if untreated can cause urethritis.

In [pic] , [pic] ((cervix); symptoms are not always obvious; they may include unusual vaginal discharge, pain in the pelvic area, & painful urination. If untreated it can cause PID, a painful infxn of the reprdxn organs. A pregnant woman can transmit it to her child during delivery & in infants can cause eye infxn, blindness, & sometimes pneumonia.

Men and women can also get infected with chlamydia in their rectum, either by having receptive anal sex, or by spread from another infected site (such as the vagina). While these infections often cause no symptoms, they can cause

• Rectal pain

• Discharge

• Bleeding

B. Treatment: certain antibiotics can cure Chlamydia; however, if there’s scar tissue, the damage cannot be undone & chances of sterility will remain.

V. HPV: Human Papilloma virus, cause of genital warts. In females may lead to cervical cancer. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 70 viruses that can cause warts. Genital warts (HPV’s) are sexually transmitted and effect the genitals and anal area of both men and women. Genital warts are also linked to cervical cancer in women, and anal cancer in men and women.

[pic] HPV

VI. Other STD’s: see h.o.

General Symptoms of STD’s

A. Males

• Difficult or painful urination

• Penile discharge

• Soreness w/in the penis

• Sores &/or itching in the genital area

• Flu-like symptoms

• Painless rash on hands, feet, or body

**** when any of these appear seek med’l attention!

B. Females

i. Abnormal vaginal discharge

ii. Difficult/painful urination

iii. Warts, blisters, sores bumps, itching, or rashes in pubic area

iv. Abnormal bleeding from vagina

v. Flu-like symptoms

vi. Cramps not associated w/menstruation

vii. Rash on hands, feet, or body

viii. Painful intercourse***

How can I protect myself?

• STD’s are transmitted by body fluids such as semen, blood, and vaginal fluids.

• Abstinence is the only way to be 100% safe from contracting STD’s. Otherwise, using condoms during EVERY sexual activity will reduce your chances of catching an STD.

• REMEMBER, ONLY ABSTINENCE IS 100% EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES!

AIDS

I. AIDS: caused by the Human Immunodefieciency Virus: HIV. AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodefieciency Syndrome. One does NOT die from HIV, but from other diseases b/c the virus destroys the T-cells involved in fighting infxns.

HIV is a single stranded (ss) RNA virus & belongs to the retrovirus group. HIV infects helper T4 cells; the HIV readily multiply causing cell destruction & release of large numbers of virus * First manifested in the 1980’s

In the early stages of the disease, there’s an ongoing battle between the T cells & virus, b/c infxd cells are destroyed & replaced by more T cells. At this stage a person is asymptomatic: i.e., does NOT have full blow AIDS or show symptoms. However, as time goes on, the # of viruses increases & it become more difficult for the immune system to replace the infxd T cells & they decrease in #. W/o these T cells, secondary opportunistic infxns occur which will eventually kill the person b/c they have no defenses.

I. Structure of HIV: See handout on structure.

[pic]

III. Ineffectiveness & Pathogenicity:

A. The gp 120 spikes of the HIV enables the viruses to attach to the T4 cell’s receptor sites. Once the HIV attaches, it enters into the T4 cell. The viral RNA takes over the host DNA to make new viral parts. New viruses bud from the host cell, causing cell death & releasing large #’s of new HIV which go & infect other T cells.

B. Latent HIV infxn: Asymptomatic In this stages the viral n.a. remains part of the host DNA & no new viruses are being formed; new HIV may also not leave the T cell but remain in vacuoles in the cell. This is one reason HIV cannot stop progression of the infxn.

C. Types: there are 2 main types of HIV.

1. HIV- 1 isolated in 1983, is the virus found in most of the world. It is the more virulent strain of the two.

2. HIV – 2 was found in 1986 & is found mainly in West Africa (& rarely in the U.S.). The progression from infxn to AIDS is much longer w/HIV-2.

IV. Clinical characteristics: in gen’l a person w/AIDS will show one or more of the following:

- malaise (general feeling unwell)

- diarrhea

- shortness of breath

- diseased lymph nodes

- infxn by one or more pathogens

V. Specific AIDS related diseases see handout.

VI. Stages of HIV Infxn

A. Acute Infxn: may occur 3 – 8 weeks after infxn w/HIV; person develops a brief limited illness such as fever, sore throat, headache, & enlarged lymph nodes. This usually lasts ~ 4 weeks.

During this phase high levels of HIV’s are made & the 1st ab are released. People are highly infectious at this stage b/c hi # of HIV’s present prior to any ab’s produced & unknowingly transmit HIV to other people.

B. Asymptomatic Stage: after acute stage, the person goes into a long & variable stage w/no symptoms. 30 % of people do not develop an acute stage & go directly into this stage; they feel fine, but still have a decrease in T cells & have ab to HIV. 40 – 50 % will develop symptoms w/in 10 yrs.

C. Early & Late HIV Symptoms: although feeling well , people in stage B T4 cells are decreasing in # - the body, therefore, can no longer defend itself against infxns from other pathogens.

D. AIDS: in this stage infxns &/or cancers result from the severe destruction of the immune system. The person will eventually die from the infxns or cancer or both.

VII. Transmission:

- Sex’l contact (semen; vaginal)

- IV drug use

- Blood

- Breast milk

- Transplancental

NOT via insects, saliva, sneezes, etc.

There is a constant increase in #’s for male & females in the age group of 15-28 of becoming infxd w/HIV.

** Certain people, who, although subjected to multiple HIV exposure, never become infxd at all. Their T4 cells seem to be innately resistant to HIV.

Older people infxd are < able to replace their T4 cells; infants born to HIV+ mothers are not always infxd – only a minority are.

***

End HIV

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