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HES: CHAPTER 5 STUDY GUIDE: EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY: Origins, Niches, and Adaptation

Part1: Vocabulary: Define each term (DO NOT USE THE GLOSSARY)

|Term |Definition |

|Theory of Evolution |all species descended from earlier, ancestral species |

|2. Microevolution |small genetic changes that occur in a population. Genes mutate, individuals are selected and populations |

| |evolve |

| | |

|3. Macroevolution |long-term, large-scale evolutionary changes through which new species are formed from ancestral species |

| |and |

| |other species are lost through extinction |

| 4. Gene Pool |set of all genes in the individuals of the population of a species |

|5. Mutation |changes in the structure or number of DNA molecules in a cell |

|6. Heritable |trait must have a genetic basis to evolve |

| | |

|7. Differential Reproduction |phenotypic traits determine individual survival and success |

| | |

|8. Fossil |mineralized or petrified replicas of skeletons, bones, teeth, shells, leaves, and seeds, or impressions |

| |of such items |

| |provide physical evidence of organisms |

|9. Natural Selection |Process in by which individuals of a population acquire genetically based traits that increase their |

| |chances of survival and their ability to produce offspring |

|10. Adaptation |A heritable trait that enables an organism to better survive and reproduce under a given set of |

| |environmental conditions |

| | |

|11. Adaptative Trait |SAME AS ADAPTATION |

|12. Directional Selection |Individuals that display a more extreme form of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with an |

| |average form of the trait |

| |A shift in one direction |

| | |

|13. Stabilizing Selection |Individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness |

| |Represents the optimum for most traits |

| |Results in a similar morphology between most members of the species |

|14. Diversifying Selection |Individuals with either extreme variation of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with the |

| |average form of the trait |

| |A shift in both direction, away from the center |

| | |

|15. Coevolution |Populations of two different species interacting over a long period of time |

| | |

| |Changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes the gene pool of another species |

|16. Artificial Selection |Humans select one or more desirable genetic traits in the population of a plant or animal |

|17. Ecological Niche |Total way of life or functional role of a species in an ecosystem |

|18. Fundamental Niche |Full potential range of the physical, chemical, and biological factors a species can use if there were no|

| |direct competition from other species. |

|19. Generalist Species |Species with a broad ecological niche. |

| |Live in many different places. |

| |Eat a variety of food. |

| |Tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. |

| |(flies, mice, deer, catfish, humans) |

| | |

|20. Specialist Species |Species with a narrow ecological niche. |

| |Live only in one type of habitat |

| |Use only a few types of food |

| |Tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other environmental conditions. |

| |(tiger salamander, red-cockaded woodpecker, spotted owls, pandas) |

|21. Speciation |formation of two species from one species because of divergent natural selection |

| | |

|22. Reproductive Isolation |isolated populations become so genetically different they cannot . . . Interbreed, or produce live, |

| |fertile offspring |

| | |

|23. Geographic Isolation |groups of the same species become physically separated |

| | |

|24. Extinction |occurs when the population cannot adapt to changing environmental conditions – CEASE TO EXIST |

|25. Adaptative Radiation |Process in which numerous new species evolve to fill vacant and new ecological niches in changed |

| |environments |

Part II: Questions

Preview and 5-1: How Did Life on Earth Emerge

1. Summarize the biological history of the earth in one sentence.

Organisms convert solar E to food, chemicals cycle, and a variety of species with different biological roles (niches) have evolved in response to changing environmental conditions.

2. Describe the conditions that make life on the earth just right for life as we know it.

Right temp range, liquid water, right size – has enough gravitational mass to keep things from flying into space, slow transfer of internal heat

3. Distinguish between chemical evolution and biological evolution.

Chemical evolution

- formation of the earth’s crust and atmosphere

- evolution of the biological molecules necessary for life

- evolution of the systems of chemical reactions needed to produce living cells

Biological Evolution

- change in the genetic makeup of a population of a species in successive generations ( can lead to formation of new species

- Populations, not individual evolve

4. Scientists have hypothesized that life of earth developed in 2 phases. What are they?

Chemical evolution and biological evolution

5. What are fossils and how do they help us formulate ideas about how life developed on earth?

Mineralized or petrified replicas of skeletons, bones, teeth, shells, leaves, and seeds, or impressions of such items provide physical evidence of organisms

6. What percentage of species fossils has been found? Why?

About 1% of the species that are believed to have lived have been found– some forms left no fossils, some have decomposed, and some have not been found.

7. What are some other sources of evidence we have of past organisms?

Chemical and radioactive dating of fossils, nearby ancient rocks, material in cores drilled out of buried ice, and DNA of organisms

5-2: Evolution and Adaptation

8. What is microevolution? Give an example.

Evolution used to describe small genetic changes that occur in a population

9. What is natural selection?

Process in by which individuals of a population acquire genetically based traits that increase their chances of survival and their ability to produce offspring

10. What are the three conditions necessary for a population to evolve by natural selection?

VARIABILITY

HERITABLE

DIFFERENTAIL REPRIDUCTIVE SUCCESS

11. What are the three types of natural selection?

DIRECTIONAL

STABILIZING

DISRUPTIVE/DIVERSIFYING

12. Draw and explain a diagram of each.

13. What is artificial selection and what does it result in?

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by man – can lead to many different domesticated breeds or hybrids of the same species all originally developed from a particular wild species.

2 steps: humans select desirable genetic traits and use selective breeding to end up with populations containing large numbers of individuals with these desired traits

14. What is coevolution and what is its importance?

When populations of 2 different species interact over a long period of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of another species. Adaptation follows adaptation in something like an ongoing arms race…

5-3: Ecological Niches and Adaptation

15. What is the ecological niche of a species? What is the difference between a fundamental niche and a realized niche?

Ecological Niche - Total way of life or functional role of a species in an ecosystem – occupation

Fundamental niche

– Full potential range of the physical, chemical, and biological factors a species can use if there were no direct competition from other species.

Realized niche

- Part of a species fundamental niche that are actually used

16. List three factors that limit adaptations?

1. a change in environmental conditions can lead to adaptation only for traits already present in the gene pool of a population

2. even if a beneficial heritable trait is present in a population, that population’s ability to adapt can be limited by it reproductive capacity

3. even if a favorable genetic trait is present in a population, most of the population would have to die or become sterile so individual with the trait could predominate and pass the trait on (p99)

17. What are two common misconceptions about evolution?

1. Survival of the fittest means survival of the strongest… NOT… it means reproductive success, not strength

2. Evolution involves some grand plan of nature in which species become progressively more perfect – NO PLAN OR GOAL OF PERFECTION EXISTS IN THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

5-4: Speciation, Extinction, and Biodiversity

18. What is speciation?

Formation of two species from one species because of divergent natural selection

19. Differentiate between reproductive isolation and geographic isolation.

Reproductive - isolated populations become so genetically different they cannot interbreed, or produce live, fertile offspring

Geographic - groups of the same species become physically separated – can lead to reproductive isolation

20. Differentiate between background extinction, mass extinction, and mass depletion.

Background extinction - Normal extinction of various species as a result of changes in local environmental conditions

Mass extinction - extinction resulting from catastrophic, wide-spread event in which large groups of existing species are wiped out

Mass depletion – when extinction rates are higher than normal, but not high enough to classify a mass extinction

21. What is adaptative radiation?

Process in which numerous new species evolve to fill vacant and new ecological niches in changed environments

Darwin’s Finches

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