Language
HISP101/2
The Subjunctive
See Butt and Benjamin Chapter 16
ÒExamination of the clauses in which the subjunctive appears shows that the great majority share a common feature: the meaning of the main clause makes the event in the subordinate clause ‘unrealÕ, i.e. not known to be a reality at the time of the sentence.Ó (p.221)
(a) The event has, or had, not happened yet:
Llegamos antes de que saliera el tren
Cenaremos cuando lleguen los demas
(b) It never happened or is not known to have happened:
EntrŽ sin que me viera nadie
No creo que sea verdad
(c) The subject wants, orders, hopes, fears, intends or causes the event to happen, or not to happen:
Quiero que me lo digas
Me temo que se haya perdido
Era su intenci—n que nadie se diera cuenta
(d) The event is merely a possibility:
Es posible que venga
*...la idea de que el hombre viaje a las estrellas
(e) The subject of the verb is not known to exist or has not been identified:
No hay nadie que le entienda
C‡sate con alguien que sepa cocinar
(f) The speaker is not so much stating that the event is a fact as expressing a reaction to it. This is an extension of the ‘unrealityÕ principle:
Ser’a mejor que te callaras
Me molesta que hables as’
The subjunctive in subordinate clauses:
A. Subjunctive after ‘subjective statementsÕ:
A.1 Subjunctive after statements of influence followed by que.
A.2 Subjunctive after emotional reactions and value judgments plus que.
A.3 Statements of fear and hope.
A.4 Statements of doubt.
A.5 Statements of possibility and plausibility.
A.6 Subjunctive after negated verbs of konwing, perceiving and stating.
Translate the following:
A.1
Advise your son-inlaw to do it.
The first thing to do, she said to him, was to get her to notice his interest.
IÕm in favour of them publishing it.
I forbid you to sing.
It was the coronel who ordered the lights to be turned off.
A.2
It annoys me that you complain so much
ItÕs logical for him to deny it.
It was pure chance that I was there.
Thank heavens itÕs not broken.
The trouble would be if they didnÕt finish the work on time.
The worst thing is that he never answers the phone.
A.3
IÕm afraid it may upset him
I hope you convince him.
I expect theyÕll give you the prize.
A.4
I doubt whether what you say is true.
ThereÕs no doubt that it can be debated.
A.5
It was probable that it would happen that way
The possibility that the girl wouldnÕt see him again filled him with despair.
A.6
I donÕt think itÕs worth getting like that over it...
No he dicho que ven’a/No he dicho que viniera
I donÕt think that I know him.
HISP101/3
The Passive Voice
For more on the passive voice and avoidance of same, see Butt and Bemjamin chapter 24, and Samuel Gili Gaya, Curso superior de sintaxis espa–ola, à101-105.
La catedral fue construida La catedral fue construida por los franceses
Se construy— la catedral *Se construy— la catedral por los franceses
Construyeron la catedral Los franceses construyeron la catedral
(i) Ser and past participle:
Translate ‘The reply was written by Manuel, the problems were solved.Õ
Construction used more frequently in English than in Spanish, note the following when translating from English to Spanish:
a. English allows an indirect object to be the subject of a passive sentence, thus: He was sent a letter. This is not permitted in Spanish:
*ƒl fue mandado una carta Se le mand— una carta/le fue mandada una carta
b. The passive voice is comparatively rare in speech, the tendency is to make the sentence active: translate ‘They were punished by their parentsÕ.
c. However, the passive is quite common in written Spanish.
d. If both forms (ser and PP/se) are possible, the passive is used (1) to avoid ambiguity (dos cargas explosivas que fueron desactivadas/se desactivaron) (2) if the agent is mentioned (see above) or if you want to emphasise the agent.
e. ser/estar: The use of ser plus PP denotes an action, that of estar plus PP a state arising from an action (e.g translate the door was open[ed]), see also Gili Gaya.
(b) Avoidance of passive
a. Make the verb active: See above. This is the simplest solution, and quite common in speech, although it can be somewhat tedious if done to excess.
b. Use se: e.g se habla espa–ol, se lee poco en Inglaterra, se reparan relojes.
Note that any verb used with se and a plural noun must be plural. There are a number of exceptions to this rule:
(1) Indirect questions involving cu‡nto, quŽ and cu‡l:
e.g se calcul— cu‡ntos kilos hab’a
(2) When a verb is followed by que: (tener que is an exception)
Se dice que etc.
(3) When a verb is followed by an infinitive:
Se trató de coger las uvas, se intentaba resolver los problemas
BUT se deben resolver ahora
(4) If the noun is animate.
Compare:
se habla espa–ol, se enviaron las armas necesarias para terminarla
and
se mat— al hombre (i.e. se le mat—)
se castig— a los ni–os (i.e. se les castig—)
Note the addition of a personal a to avoid possible ambiguity (se castigaron los ni–os means ‘the children punished themselvesÕ)
Translate the following:
My husbandÕs papers have to be published before I die.
he was hit by a bullet
They have been arrested by the Civil Guard
I was given a newspaper
The session was suspended
La ciudad fue/estaba destruida
Yo fui/estaba detenido
There were never heard or read in Peru so many definitions of freedom of information
Two Englishmen were killed/they were killed/they were killed by Franco
It is said that Franco was a dwarf
HISP101/3
The Subjunctive/Passive
Translate the following sentences:
1. IÕm not being interrogated.
2. The smoke irritated me.
3. ItÕs a disgrace that these sentences are so easy.
4. Many Cubans were injured while Cabinda was being heroically defended by fighters of the MPLA.
5. I want you to study harder.
6. The operation was ordered by the king.
7. They were sorry you couldnÕt remember.
8. This place was chosen because there is abundant water and it was very well chosen because there is a good road as well.
9. Hemmingway wasnÕt prevented from writing and publishing his books.
Correct any mistakes in the following sentences:
1. Se critic— el guionista.
2. Lo malo es que siempre venga a las tres en punto.
3. Se averiguaron cu‡ntos estudiantes quedaban.
Replace the word cosa in the following sentences without repeating any of the alternatives:
Un catarro es cosa de poca importancia
No tengo las cosas precisas para arreglar el pinchazo.
HISP101/3
The Subjunctive/Passive
Translate the following sentences:
1. The traveller is surprised by the city of La Paz.
2. WeÕll try to avoid anyone mentioning the matter.
3. I donÕt doubt what you say is true.
4. The samples will be returned to you.
5. Historical facts are not governed by laws.
6. ItÕs a good job that thereÕs peace in our time.
7. I donÕt think itÕs possible.
8. ItÕs enough to know that a manÕs being sought for everyone to look at him in a different way.
9. The professor of Portuguese was surprised that I was surprised that he only had one student in his class this year.
Correct any mistakes in the following sentences:
1. Se los buscaron los dos presos.
2. Lo peor ser’a que no lo terminaremos a tiempo.
3. Se les di— varios premios.
Replace the word cosa in the following sentences without repeating any of the alternatives:
ÁQuŽ cosas tan absurdas se le ocurren!
Durante la guerra realiz— cosas heroicas.
HISP101/4
Object Pronouns
The following is the recommendation of the Real Academia de la Lengua:
Direct Objects
Masculine Feminine
Singular lo/le la
Plural los (les) las
Indirect Objects
Masculine Feminine
Singular le le
Plural les les
Le’smo:
Indircet object pronouns are invariable. However, le is frequently used in Spain as a direct object pronoun, (thus, lo vi - I saw it,/him/usted; le vi I saw him/usted) when the object is human.
Les is sometimes used in Spain as a direct object pronoun. However, this is frowned upon by the Real Academia and is, unlike the equivalent use of le, considered incorrect.
Translate the following:
They seized the pistol from him.
They operated on her
Sorry, I didnÕt mean to bother you (Usted/fem.)
His father infected him with his mad ways.
ThatÕs the dog that bit her/him.
I donÕt know the director personally.
Their teachers praise them a lot.
He described them (his brothers) in pejorative terms.
HeÕll have to be protected.
Give him the book! Give it to him.
Correct the following:
Yo la dije la verdad.
ÀQuieres hablarlo?
Has le’do el periodico? Todav’a no le he le’do.
HISP101/5
Object Pronouns
Direct Objects
Masculine Feminine
Singular lo/le la
Plural los (les) las
Indirect Objects
Masculine Feminine
Singular le le
Plural les les
Certain verbs use le/les for what appears to be a direct object:
Gustar/complacer/placer; importar; tirar (to pull); tocar (to be the someoneÕs turn); preocupar/inquietar; recordar (to remind).
Translate the following:
The policemen asked her a few questions before they left.
DonÕt stand on her feet!
ItÕs not that sheÕs in bad humour, but that she hates you (Vds.)
If we hadnÕt asked him his address heÕd never have got home last night.
YouÕll (Vd.) be entitled to half of all his goods when he dies.
Who showed them the way? I did.
ItÕs his turn to wash up, IÕve done it a lot this week.
They ordered him to sit down, and they hit him because he didnÕt want to do it.
HeÕs missing a thousand pounds, so heÕs only got fifty left.
She dropped it.
The weather did them a lot of damage this year.
He always doubted that his mother had any fondness for him.
The Embassador will receive you (Vds.) at half past eleven.
I was trying to avoid him, but IÕll have to face him.
Their parents adore them, but their sister never pays them any attention.
HISP101/6
Conditional Sentences
There are three principal conditional sentence types in Spanish:
If clause (protasis) Main clause (apodosis)
1 Present Indicatve Future Indicative/Imperative
2 Imperfect Subjunctive Conditional
3 Pluperfect Subjunctive Conditional Perfect
Thus:
1. Si tengo dinero irŽ al cine.
Si tienes tiempo c—mprame uno.
2. (i) Si pagaras ahora ahora, te costar’a menos.
(ii) Si tuviera dinero, te comprar’a una casa.
(iii) Dijo que si tuviera dinero ir’a al cine.
3. Si hubiera tenido dinero, te habr’a comprado una cas.a
Dijo que si hubiera buscado en el cat‡logo electr—nico no lo habr’a encontrado.
Other conditions/concessives:
(i) Como + Present or Imperfect Subjunctive is used for threats and warnings:
Como no me lo pagues, me lo llevo.
Me dijo que como no se lo pagara, se lo llevar’a.
(ii) Aunque (= Òeven if...Ó) can replace si i the above types:
Aunque muriera de hambre no le dar’a de comer.
(iii) Negative if clauses can be introduced by some phrase meaning ÒunlessÓ, e.g. a no ser que, a menos que.
(iv) Positive if clauses can be introduced by some phrase meaning Òon condition thatÓ, e.g. con tal (de) que, a condici—n de que
Translate the following:
They said theyÕd buy the kidneys provided they were fresh.
If itÕs not windy, the mist will gather on the lake early tonight.
HeÕll be back tomorrow as soon as the sun sets.
ThereÕd have been another world war if the three germans had been killed.
Even if heÕd been six feet tall, I still wouldnÕt have seen him.
I told her IÕd have killed her if sheÕd done that again.
I wouldnÕt help him if he was a deaf and dumb orphan.
If you could at least limit cocaine smuggling, a lot of lives would be saved.
HISP101/7
Subjunctives (Continued)
Subjunctives after subordinators:
(Subordinators introduce subordinate clauses) Generally subordinators which refer to the future require subjunctive, otherwise they are followed by the indicative. (See also Butt and Benjamin p.258ff and Gili Gaya p.261ff)
(i) Subordinators of purpose:
e.g. a fin de que, para que, porque, con el prop—sito de que, con la intenci—n de que.
As these usually refer to the future, they always take subjunctive.
e.g. Vengo para que me dejes un poco de azœcar.
(ii) Subordinators of cause or consequence:
e.g. pues, puesto que, ya que, en vista de que, debido a que, como*
These are almost always followed by the indicative.
e.g. Inv’tame ya que tienes tanto dinero.
(iii)Subordinators of result, aim or manner:
a. when as’ que, conque, de suerte que, de modo que, de manera que, de forma que indicate a result they are followed by the indicative:
e.g. Tœ s—lo tienes la culpa, de modo que no puedes quejarte.
But when the final three of these indicate an aim they take subjunctive:
Sali— de modo que nadie se diera cuenta.
b. Como is followed by subjunctive when it refers to the future:
PodŽis venir como quier‡is
c. como si and sin que require subjunctives.
(iv)Subordinators of time:
e.g. cuando, hasta que, despuŽs de que, en cuanto etc.
All require subjunctive when they refer to the future.
(v) Subordinators of condition and exception:
Condition: con tal de que, siempre que, a condici—n de que
Exception: a no ser que, salvo que, a menos que
All require subjunctive.
(vi) Subordinators of concession:
e.g. aunque, as’ (=although), aun cuando, a pesar de que,
All require subjunctive if they refer to the future.
Translate the following:
1. I wrote a circular so that everyone would know about it.
2. I kept silent so they wouldnÕt accuse me of nagging them.
3. HeÕs a brave man, he wouldnÕt admit even if they killed him.
4. WeÕd be prepared to negotiate provided you were reasonable.
5. You (Vds.) were going to swallow the oysters when the seagull landed.
6. He hasnÕt said very much since he was poisoned.
7. Since you have so much money you can pay for me.
8. YouÕll be paid as soon as the strike is over.
9. We were told we could do it how we liked, so we did it how we liked.
10. We modified the system while he was away so he still doesnÕt know/so that he wouldnÕt know.
HISP101/7
Subjunctives (Continued)
Butt and Benjamin pp.265-269 (¤16.13-¤16.14)
Formas reduplicativas: pase lo que pase, hagas lo que hagas, vayas a donde vayas.
1. Whether...or,
Use the forma reduplicativa:
Estuviera enfermo on no, la verdad es que no vino al trabajo.
2. However...
Por mucho que/por m‡s que + verb etc.
Por m‡s que las esperanzas de Eulalia crec’an, no lograban contagiar a...
Por m‡s que llueva no se le van a resucitar los novillos muertos.
3. The more...the more:
Cuanto m‡s coma m‡s querr‡/cuanto m‡s com’a m‡s quer’a
4. Whatever:
Use the forma reduplicativa:
Diga lo que diga/dijo que lo comprar’a fuera como fuera
5. Whichever/the one that/whichever one:
Escoge la maceta que m‡s te guste/el que usted quiera
6. Whenever:
Cuando + subjunctive when event referred to is in the future.
7. Whoever/anyone who:
Cualquiera que te vea pensar‡ que vas a una fiesta. (Also quienquiera)
8. Wherever:
Dondequiera que voy/Vaya donde vaya me pierdo.
Dondequiera que vaya me perderŽ
Subjunctive in relative clauses:
(i) With an indefinite antecedent:
Prefiero un coche que tenga cuatro puertas.
(ii) With a negative antecedent:
No hab’a mendigo a quien Žl no diera limosna.
(ii) After donde and cuanto:
ComerŽ en el pueblo donde me pare/Com’ en el pueblo donde me parŽ.
Te darŽ cuanto me pidas/Le di cuanto me pidi—.
(iv) After superlative expressions:
Eres la chica m‡s inteligente que he conocido/que haya existido
Es la mayor tonter’a que se haya o’do nunca.
Translate the following:
However many phalanxes of sphinxes captivate you IÕm not interested.
Whoever thinks that the quality of mercy is not strained is an idiot.
The more proportional representation is used, the more coalitions thereÕll be.
These are the simplest sentences IÕve ever seen.
Wherever I lay my hat...
However many proponents of nuclear power attack me IÕll keep to my principles.
hisp101/8
Use of the Gerund
Butt and Benjamin Chapter 20, Gili Gaya ¤145-¤149
Temporal Frame:
ÒEl gerundio...expresa una acci—n...simult‡nea de la acci—n principal (Me fatigo subiendo escaleras) [o] anterior a ella (Yo, tomando carrerilla, saltŽ la tapia). [R]esulta inelegante el gerundio cuando su acci—n es posterior a la acci—n principal (*Me ca’ por la escalera, rompiŽndome la pierna). Fernando L‡zaro Carreter, Curso de Lengua Espa–ola p.122.
Usages:
Butt and Benjamin: ÒThe gerund is possible only when there is a verb in the main clause to which it can referÓ
1. Adverbial use:
The gerund functions as an adverb...usually to denote simultaneous actions:
Se fue gritando. Estando en Madrid me dijeron que su padre hab’a muerto.
2. To indicate method (English Òby ...ingÓ)
Hizo su fortuna comprando acciones a tiempo
3. To qualify the object of a verb:
Verbs of perception: La vi fumando/la vi fumar BUT la vi venir only.
Verbs such as encontrar, coger etc. Le pillŽ robando.
4. With the following verbs: andar/ir/llevar/salir/seguir/venir/acabar
5.The gerund CANNOT be used
a. If it is the subject of a verb: Aprender un idioma cuesta mucho
b. If it is the object of a verb: No me importaba que viviera all’
Intenta llamarle
c. If it is preceded by a preposition: Le castigaron por llegar tarde
d. If it is a (compound) noun: el permiso de conducir
e: If the noun it qualifies is (i) inanimate *una caja conteniendo joyas
or (ii) Òsignifica acci—n permanenteÓ * necesito una asistenta sabiendo guisar
Correct the following, where necessary:
Se puso enfermo el lunes, ingresando en el hospital el jueves.
Ese aparato filtra el agua llevando impurezas
Tiene una secretaria hablando cuatro lenguas
Sacaron las entradas, entrando enseguida al cine
Translate the following:
IÕm looking forward to seeing you
He got up, judging the interview to be finished.
The postman brought a letter asking for money
You can contact me by ringing this number.
I heard her coughing
My memoryÕs getting worse and worse.
YouÕll end up doing what she says.
I approved of your getting up early.
Hisp101/10
Relative Pronouns
Que/el que/quien/el cual
Butt and Benjamin Chapter 35, Gili Gaya ¤233-¤237
Que Invariable
Quien Quien/quienes
El que el que /la que/los que/las que
El cual el cual/la cual/los cuales/las cuales
Restrictive/Especificas Los estudiantes que estaban lejos no o’an al profesor
Non-restrictive/Explicativas Los estudiantes, que/los cuales estaban lejos, no o’an...
Differences between Spanish and English relative clauses:
(i) Relative pronouns can never be omitted in Spanish (e.g. la pel’cula que vi)
(ii) Prepositions cannot be separated from relative pronouns (eg. el camino por el que)
(iii) Relative pronouns cannot be replaced with a gerund (e.g. una caja que contiene...)
(iv) Relative pronouns cannot be separated from their antecedent by a verb phrase (e.g. no existe el hombre con el que quisiera casarme)
(i) Relative pronouns without prepositions:
Que generally used to translate who, whom, which or that.
If there is no preposition que can be replaced by quien (human beings) or el cual (emphasis) in non-restrictive clauses..
e.g. Fueron a hablar con JosŽ, que/quien/el cual estaba de mal humor.
(ii) Relative pronouns following prepositions:
(i) Non-human antecedents el que/el cual
(ii) Human antecedents (in order of increasing formality) el que/quien/el cual
e.g. la misi—n a la que ha dedicado su vida, la hab’an hecho sentir una seguridad de la que hasta entonces carec’a.
Que is also possible after a, (not personal a) con, de (not from) and en.
e.g. las especies de escarabajo de que estoy hablando, la pel’cula a que me refiero
El cual is preferred after segœn (according to); long prepositions (debajo de, para etc.); and after algunos de..., todos..., la mayor’a de etc. and also when the pronoun and antecedent are separated.
‡rboles, pocos de los cuales tienen hojas, hay seres con atm—sfera propia, dentro de la cual es bueno vivir.
Fill in the appropriate relative pronoun:
El guardia, nos vio, nos puso una multa.
El guardia nos vio nos puso una multa.
El mŽdico de te hablŽ ayer es amigo de mi padre.
El mŽdico, de te hablŽ ayer, es amigo de mi padre.
La puerta por entramos, era la de servicio.
La puerta, por entramos, era la de servicio.
Mariano y Laura, estaban all’, nos lo contaron.
Translate the following:
The Bill was supported by young Spaniards, the majority of whom favour divorce.
There are Traincheques with which you can travel to a value of £75 but for which you only pay £50.
Life is stressful due to the threat of war weÕre living under.
Hisp101/11
Relative Pronouns contd.
Lo cual/lo que/donde/como/cuando/cuyo
Lo que/lo cual: Used when the Òrelative pronoun refers...to a whole sentence or idea which...require a neuter pronoun. Since the clause is always non-restrictive, lo cual is commonÓ Butt and Benjamin p.435
Trajo una lista de cifras que explicaba su inquietud.
Trajo una lista de cifras, lo cual/lo que explicaba su inquietud.
Donde: used as a relative after hacia, a, desde, de por, en.
Lo recog’ en la calle donde te vi.
Lo recog’ en la calle en la que/en la cual te vi.
BUT
Volvieron a encontrarse en Par’s, donde se hab’an conocido.
Como: used as a relative after la manera, el modo, but not la forma (en que is common)
Me gusta la manera como lo hace
Me gusta la manera en que lo hace.
Cuando: only used in non-restrictive clauses:
En agosto, cuando les den las vacaciones a los ni–os, nos iremos al campo.
S—lo puedo ir los d’as (en) que no trabajo.
Cuyo: translates ÒwhoseÓ, and can only be used with possessive sense:
Una medida cuyas efectos son imprevisibles.
Translate the following:
We cannot tolerate the discrimination which our fruits and vegetables are subject to.
IÕd like to live in a place in which there were no cars.
Initially it was stated the missiles were American, which was denied in Washington.
Many rumours are circulating in Madrid, some of which will be reported here.
Mistakes are made by foreigners particularly with thos verbs whose subjunctive is irregular.
The way a country strengthens and develops its culture is by opening its doors and windows.
The main speaker will be Abimael Guzm‡n, according to whom Marxist Leninism is the shining path to revolution.
That building is the Sagrada Familia, which is one of the monuments most visited by tourists.
Relative Pronouns Revised
Señale los casos de leísmo, laísmo y loísmo y corríjalos adecuadamente:
1. Le vieron en el cine
2. La mandaron un aviso urgente.
3. Lo dio una bofetada.
4. ¿Y tu hermana? ¿Dónde la puedo encontrar?
5. Los traje el regalo prometido.
6. Les llevé a dar una vuelta por ahí.
7. A esta chica no le puedo ver.
8. Las multaron por ir deprisa.
9. Su marido la pegó una patada y fue a la cárcel.
10. No le hacíamos de vuelta tan pronto.
Complete las preposiciones con un pronombre adecuado:
1. A mí no..........interesa la política.
2. Al profesor..........respetamos mucho.
3. No ha pasado nada entre..........y...........
4. A mi mujer..........han puesto una multa.
5. La corbata yo no.......... ..........he puesto; .......... .......... ha llevado Juan.
6. Según.........., el dinero no importa.
7. Estaré con.........., porque tú has estado siempre con...........
8. Este profesor habla con.......... mismo.
9. Excepto...........dos, todos votaron que sí.
10. Lo sé, porque ella estaba sentada detrás de...........
11. Se lo dieron a Pedro y a ...........
12. A vosotros..........encanta su forma de hablar.
13. A ellas no..........ha dicho nada.
14. A él..........han detenido, y a ella..........han puesto una multa.
15. A ustedes nuca..........pasa nada.
Sustituya la cursiva por pronombres. Colóquelos adecuadamente. Resuelva las posibles ambigüedades:
1. Dieron el paquete a María.
2. ¿Con quién hablaste? Con Pedro y con María.
3. El perro llegó a su amo con humildad.
4. La postal llegó pronto a mi madre.
5. El alumno vino al profesor para protestar.
6. El niño fue a su mamá con el juguete.
7. El embajador se acercó al presidente.
8. Lo dije a los profesores y a los alumnos.
9. Sí, señor, vi a los profesores peleando.
10. Los viajeros se aproximaron al tren.
Relative Pronouns Re-Revised
Diga la función de SE en cada proposición:
1. Se le ve el plumero.
2. Se suicidó tirándose por la ventana.
3. Se lo envié ayer.
4. Se le olvidó traerme el regalo.
5. Se alquilan bicicletas.
6. Se comenta que no viene.
7. Se hace lo que se puede.
8. Se guarda el dinero en el bolsillo.
9. Se saludaron fríamente.
10. Se pasea bien en este parque.
11. Se les trata bien a los pobres aquí.
12. Se reventó el neumático.
13. Se murió ayer.
14. Se va el agua del radiador.
15. Se salió el líquido.
Responda remplazando la cursiva por pronombres. Colóquelos correctamente.
1. ¿Escribió una carta a María? No,
2. ¿Propuso un juego a mis amigos? Sí,
3. ¿Indicaste el camino a los chicos? Sí,
4. ¿Dieron malas notas a Juan? No,
5. ¿Preguntaste la dirección a los guardias? No,
6. ¿Hiciste esa faena a Pedro? No,
7. ¿Mandásteis flores a Inma? Sí,
8. ¿Solucionaron el problema al chico? Sí,
9. ¿Quitaron el polvo a la mesa? No,
10. ¿Puso los frenos al auto? Sí,
Complete la proposición con un pronombre reflexivo o recíproco:
1. Mi profesor y yo.......... tuteamos.
2. Todos vosotros..........afeitáis.
3. Pedro y María..........quieren.......... .......... ...........
4. Chicos, no..........perfuméis tanto.
5. ¿Dónde..........arreglas el pelo?
6. Al irse de aquí, continuaron escribiendo...........
7. El perro..........tragó toda la comida.
8. Yo..........comí todo el postre.
Conditional Sentences/Subjunctives Revisited
If you start learning Spanish at twelve, you will have learned a great deal by the time you are eighteen. If I, for example, had learned Spanish at school, I should have not had to study so hard when I went to Spain in 1995. I used to sit down and work at the verbs for an hour or so after breakfast every morning, as though I were a child. Then I talked to Sr. Gómez till eleven, and if he had to go out I sometimes accompanied him. But if, on the other hand, he had nothing to do, he would give me a lesson in grammar or reading, after which I would go back to my room and learn the vocabulary I had acquired during this lesson. Anyway, I was always working from nine till one, and if I could start Spanish again I should do it the same way. It is no use reading Spanish alone if you want to know it thoroughly, unless of course, you have already a considerable knowledge of it before you go to Spain.
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