Vocabulary



Tick Tock – Telling Time Past and Present6th Grade Earth Science Module OverviewTopic: Time.Grade Level: 6thCourse: Earth Science Critical ThinkingTime Allotted for Module: 10 daysPrior Knowledge: This module requires little in the way of prior knowledge, although students are expected to have some knowledge of basic Earth Sciences. Topics such as rock types and others should reinforce and augment what they have previously learned.Overview: This module initially addresses time on human scales, and then applies the concept to the geologic history of the Earth. Students examine relative and then numeric (or ‘absolute’) time, construct timelines, and then explore radiometric dating.VocabularyArithmetic Change: change that occurs at a constant rate (i.e., the plotted data are linear); simplified example: adding or subtracting one unit over a given intervalAtomic Clock: a type of clock that uses an atomic resonance frequency standard as its timekeeping elementCalendar: a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes, assembled by giving names to periods of timeCalibration: the validation of specific measurement techniques and equipment, to a standardChronology: a chronicle or arrangement of events in their order of occurrence in time; also see timelineDecay Series (Radiometric): the radioactive decay of different discrete radioactive decay products as a chained series of transformationsExponential Change: change that occurs with a logarithmic change in rate (either increase or reduction); simplified: adding or subtracting a increasing or decreasing multiple of 10 units over a given intervalHalf-life: the time required for something to fall to half its initial value; in particular, the time for half the atoms in a radioactive substance to disintegrateIgneous Rock: a type of rock formed by magma or lava (molten rock) cooling and becoming solidIsotope: different types of atoms (nuclides) of the same chemical element, each having a different number of neutrons.Metamorphic Rock: a type of rock that is formed as pressure and/or temperature changes, generally during burial or mountain buildingRadiometric Dating: a technique used to date materials, usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay ratesRelative Dating: the science of determining the relative order of past events, without necessarily determining their absolute ageSedimentary Rock: a type of rock that is formed by processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate, or minerals to precipitate from a solutionSteno’s Principles: a group of stratigraphic principles attributed to Nicolas Steno, a pioneering Danish geologist, including lateral continuity, original horizontality and superposition (see definitions of these terms below)Lateral Continuity: material forming a stratum that is continuous over the surface of the Earth unless some other solid bodies stood in the wayOriginal Horizontality: sediments are deposited under the influence of gravity as nearly horizontal beds; if folded or faulted strata are found, the layers were deformed by tectonic forces after the sediments were depositedSuperposition: at the time when any given stratum was being formed, all the matter resting upon it was fluid, and, therefore, at the time when the lower stratum was being formed, none of the upper strata existedStratum (pl. Strata): a horizontal layer of rockTime: the sequence of eventsTimeline: a visualization of a sequence of events, used in education, history and a variety of sciences including geology, cosmology and biologyMaterialsAll students should have their own science notebooks for ALL activitiesDAYS 1-2Two small, plastic bottles (e.g. 16-32 oz. soda bottles)Sand or saltMasking or duct tapeThick aluminum foilorCoffee canGlass or clear plastic container to collect waterSmall nailHammerSharp pencilMarkerWristwatch or classroom clock for calibration (should have a second hand).Candles and matches (optional; see below)DAY 3Easel paper (preferably gridded) or 8” x 11” graph paper (then the scale needs to be adjusted) or use the file ‘Timeline Sheet’ as the basis for thisColored markersDAY 5-7A number of glass, graduated cylinders (enough for students working in groups of 3 or 4)At least four types of sediment (nothing too fine grained as things like clay will not settle quickly)FunnelDAYS 8-10100 pennies per groupShoe box (one per group)Science StandardsBig Idea 1: The Practice of ScienceBig Idea 2: The Characteristics of Scientific KnowledgeBig Idea 3: The Role of Theories, Laws, Hypotheses, and ModelsBig Idea 6: Earth StructuresSC.6.E.6.1Describe and give examples of ways in which Earth's surface is built up and torn down by physical and chemical weathering, erosion, and deposition.Math StandardsBig Idea 1: (Multiplying decimals)Develop an understanding of and fluency with multiplication and division of fractions and decimals.MA.6.A.1.3Solve real-world problems involving multiplication and division of fractions and decimals.Supporting Idea 6: Data AnalysisMA.6.S.6.1Determine the measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and variability (range) for a given set of data.MA.6.S.6.2Select and analyze the measures of central tendency or variability to represent, describe, analyze, and/or summarize a data set for the purposes of answering questions appropriately.ReferencesActivity1.pdf of Calendars.pdf Timeline Activity of Calendars.pdf of Time.pdf Dating.pdf Through Time Activity ................
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