Pearson Environmental Science Workbook Answer Keys

[Pages:10]Appendix C Textbook: Environmental Science Answer Key for Guided Reading Workbook:

Chapter 1 Section 1

Living Things and the Environment Guided Reading and Study

1. Use Target Reading Skills

One way students might map the information is:

Main Idea: An organism obtains food, water, shelter, and other things it needs from its environment.

Detail: Each organism must live in a specific type of environment, called its habitat.

Detail: Organisms live in different habitats because they have different requirements for survival.

Detail: One area may contain many habitats.

anism

7.abiotic factors

2.habitat

8.water, sunlight, oxygen, temperature, soil

3.Needs include food, water, and shelter.

9.a, c

4.false

10. photosynthesis

5.a, b, d

11. b, d

6.biotic factors

12. A species is a group of organisms that are physically similar and can mate with each other to produce

offspring that can also mate and reproduce.

13.a, b, c

16.d

14.false

17.true

munity

18.An ecosystem also includes abiotic factors.

Chapter 1 Section 2

Studying Populations Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills Possible student questions and answers are these:

How do you determine population size? (Some methods of determining population size are direct observation,

indirect observation, sampling, and mark-and-recapture studies.) What causes populations to change in size?

(Some factors include birth, death, immigration, and emigration.)

What are limiting factors? (These are factors that can limit population growth if they are unfavorable for the

organisms in the population. Food and water, space, and weather conditions can be limiting factors.)

1. b

3. d

2. a

4. c

5. Populations can change in size when new members enter the population or when members leave the population.

6. The major way new individuals are added is through the birth of offspring.

7.birth rate

11. b

8.The major way individuals leave is by dying.

12. a

9.death rate

13. true

10. false

14. limiting factor

15. Some limiting factors are food and water, space, and weather conditions.

16. carrying capacity

17. true

18. Frost can kill organisms, and floods and hurricanes can wash away nests and burrows.

Chapter 1 Section 3

Interactions Among Living Things Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills Possible answers: What You Know

1. Organisms interact in different ways. What You Learned

1. Organisms are adapted to their environments.

2. Organisms have niches, which are their roles.

3. Organisms compete for resources. Some organisms eat others, and this affects the size of populations.

4. Some organisms live together in symbiotic relationships, of which there is mutualism (both benefit),

commensalism (one benefits, the other is not helped or harmed), and parasitism (one benefits, the other is

harmed).

1. c

2. a

3. b 4. false 5. true 6. predation, predator, prey

7. true 8. Column 1: Commensalism, Parasitism; Column 2: Both species benefit. 9. parasite, host

Chapter 1 Section 4 Changes in Communities Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Possible answers: Primary Succession--volcanic eruption, no soil or organisms exist, no Secondary Succession--fire, soil and organisms exist but have been disturbed, yes 1. Succession is the series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time. 2. Primary succession is the series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist. 3. a, b 4. pioneer species 5. lichens, mosses 6. As they grow on bare rocks with little or no soil, they help break up the rocks. When they die, they provide nutrients that enrich the thin layer of soil that is forming on the rocks. 7. secondary succession 8. Natural disturbances include fires, hurricanes, and tornadoes. 9. Human activities include farming, logging, and mining. 10. false 11. climate

Chapter 2 Section 1

Energy Flow in Ecosystems Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills

Possible sentences:

In a food chain, a consumer could be an herbivore, an omnivore, or a carnivore, including a scavenger.

An energy pyramid shows how much energy moves from one level to another in a food web, beginning with the

producers.

Decomposers are nature's recyclers.

1. c

5. false

2. b

6. true

3. a

7. bacteria, fungi

4. Producers include plants, algae, and some

bacteria.

8. Column 1: Herbivore, Omnivore, Scavenger; Column 2: Only animals

9. true

10. food chain

11. Grass is Producer. Mouse is First-level consumer. Kestrel is Second-level consumer.

12. food web

13. c, d

14. It shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web.

15. a, d

16. There are usually few organisms at the top because there is a limited amount of energy available at that level

of a food web.

Chapter 2 Section 2 Cycles of Matter Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills 1. Water evaporates. 2. Clouds form. 3. Precipitation falls. 4. Precipitation runs off or becomes groundwater. 1.atoms, molecules 2.a, b 3.true

4.water cycle 5.a 6.c 7.b 8.true 9.Condensation results in the formation of clouds. 10. rain, snow, sleet, hail 11. false 12. c, d

13. 14.false 15.nitrogen fixation 16.false

Chapter 2 Section 3 Biogeography Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Three causes of dispersal: Wind, water, and living things, including humans 1. biogeography 2. It is the very slow movement of the continents on a layer of solid rock called plates. 3. true 4. false 5. dispersal 6. Wind, Water, Living things 7. Wind disperses the seeds of plants, the spores of fungi, tiny spiders, and many other small, light organisms. 8. A bird may eat seeds and deposit them in its waste in another location. A duck may carry algae or fish eggs on its feet from pond to pond. A dog may carry sticky plant seeds on its fur. 9. false 10. exotic species 11. physical barriers, competition, climate 12. Examples include water, mountains, and deserts. 13. If species already in the area are thriving, they may outcompete a new species and act as a barrier to its dispersal. 14. climate 15. true

Chapter 2 Section 4

Biomes

Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills

Temperate rain forest: cool winters, warm summers; rather wet all year; mule deer. Tropical rain forest: warm all

year; wet all year; orangutan. Desert: usually hot with great daily extremes; dry all year; Gambel's quail.

Grassland: temperatures vary throughout year; mostly dry with a wet season; grasses. Deciduous forest: warm in

summer, cold in winter; moderate rainfall; red fox. Boreal forest: warm to cool in summer, cold in winter;

abundant rain and snow; lynx. Tundra: cold all year; dry all year; mosses.

1. biome

3. b

2. true

4. canopy

5. Temperate rain forests are farther from the equator and cooler than tropical rain forests.

6. Some are located along the northwestern coast of the United States.

7.b, d

8.b, d

9.savannas

13. a, b, d

10. deciduous trees

14. tundra

11. a

15. a, b, c

12. Coniferous trees are found in a boreal forest.

16. true

17. Organisms adapted to life on the ice include penguins, polar bears, and seals.

Chapter 2 Section 5 Aquatic Ecosystems Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills I. Freshwater ecosystems

A. Streams and rivers B. Ponds and lakes II. Marine ecosystems A. Intertidal zone B. Neritic zone C. Open ocean 1. b, c 2. true 3. Standing water; Running water 4. Some insects and other small animals have hooks or suckers that help them cling to rocks. Trout have streamlined bodies that allow them to swim despite the rushing water. 5. Intertidal zone, Neritic zone, Surface zone, Deep zone 6. false 7. It is difficult because of the pounding of the waves, sudden changes in temperature, and being both covered with water and then exposed to the air. 8. b, c, d 9. true 10. a, c

Chapter 3 Section 1

Environmental Issues Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills Three types of environmental issues are resource use, population growth, and

pollution.

1. Resource use; Population growth; Pollution

4. a

2. c

5. c

3. b

6. The population grew so rapidly because of a decrease in the death rate, which occurred due to improvements in

medicine, agriculture, and sanitation.

7. pollution

8. Human activities resulting in pollution include burning gasoline for energy and using pesticides to kill insects

on crops.

9. environmental science

10. false

11. a, b, d

Chapter 3 Section 2 Forests and Fisheries Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Possible answers: What You Know 1. Forests provide people with lumber and paper. 2. Commercial fishing boats harvest large amounts of fish. What You Learned 1. Forests can be renewable resources.

2. Setting fishing limits, changing fishing methods, and developing aquaculture techniques are ways to manage

fisheries for sustainable yields. Examples include maple syrup, rubber, nuts, lumber for construction and furniture,

and pulp for paper.

3. b, c, d

6. Left: All the trees are cut. Right: Only some trees

4. true

are cut.

5. false

7. Logging Method: Clear-cutting; Selective cutting

8. sustainable yield

9. Forests can provide a sustainable yield if new trees are planted to replace the trees that are cut down.

10. Certified wood is wood that has been certified to come from a forest that is managed in a sustainable way.

11. fishery

14.a

12.false

15.d

13.c

16.b

Chapter 3 Section 3

Biodiversity

Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills

As students read each passage that contains a Key Term, remind them to write a sentence in their own words.

Encourage students to write one or two descriptive phrases to help them remember the Key Term. Invite students

to share their sentences and phrases.

1. biodiversity

4. true

2. false

5. Area; Climate; Diversity of niches

3. keystone species

6. a, c, d

7. Niche diversity is the number of different niches an ecosystem provides for organisms.

8. genes

11. a, b, d

9. gene pool

12. true

10. a, c

13. Category of Species: Extinct; Endangered; Threatened

14. An earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide or flood might cause extinction.

15. false

17. a

16. c

18. b

19. Pollutants can kill or weaken organisms or cause birth defects.

20.captive breeding

21.true

22.false

Chapter 3 Section 4 The Search for New Medicines Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Possible questions and answers are these: Why is biodiversity important to medicine? (Biodiversity is important because there may be undiscovered medicines that exist in nature.) What is the story of taxol? (Taxol is a cancer treatment drug that comes from the bark of the Pacific yew trees. As demand for the drug grew, scientists became concerned about the supply of Pacific yew trees.) How can we increase the supply of taxol? (Today taxol can be reproduced in the lab.) 1. a, c 2. The ability of a plant to fight disease results from adaptations to its environment. 3. true 4. Taxol is a chemical produced by the bark of the Pacific yew tree. It protects the tree from diseases and insects. 5. a, c 6. true 7. In the mid-1990s, chemists reproduced taxol's complex chemical structure in the laboratory. Now the bark of the Pacific yew is no longer needed to make taxol.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Conserving Land and Soil Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Possible answers include the following: Detail: Agriculture--new farmland is created

by clearing forests, draining wetlands, and irrigating deserts.

Detail: Mining--strip mines expose the soil, which can then be blown or washed away more easily.

Detail: Development--as populations grow, people build more houses and paved roads.

1. Agriculture; Mining; Development

2. The rest is too dry, wet, salty, or mountainous.

9.a, b, c, d

3. a. clearing forests, b. draining wetlands,

10. a, b, c, d

c. irrigating deserts

11. b

4.development

12. c

5.a, c

13. a

6.mining

14. bedrock

7.Strip Mining; Underground Mining

15. false

8.false

16. Freezing and thawing break apart the bedrock. Both plant roots wedged between rocks and chemicals released

by lichens break the rock into smaller pieces. Animals such as earthworms and moles help grind the rock into

even smaller particles.

17. a. erosion, b. nutrient depletion, c. desertification

18. erosion

19. terracing

20. nutrient depletion

21. c

22. a

23. b

24. Desertification is the advance of desert-like conditions into areas that previously were fertile.

25. true

28. true

26. Crops fail; Soil blows away

29. false

27. land reclamation

30. The mining cuts are smoothed out, then the subsoil and topsoil that had been removed before mining are

replaced. Finally, grass and trees are planted.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Waste Disposal and Recycling Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Possible questions and answers include the following: Q. What is the problem with waste disposal? A.Each disposal method has advantages and disadvantages. Q.What is recycling? A.Reclaiming raw materials and reusing them to create new products Q.How can people help control the solid waste problem? A.Reduce, reuse, and recycle Q.Why are some wastes hazardous? A.Some are explosive, flammable, corrosive, or radioactive. 1. Municipal solid waste is the waste produced in homes, businesses, schools, and other places in a community. 2. Other sources include construction debris and certain agricultural and industrial wastes. 3.a. burning, b. burying, c. recycling 4.a, b 5.landfill 6.leachate 7. Unlike an open dump, a sanitary landfill is constructed to safely hold solid wastes. 8. Landfills; Incinerators 9. Recycling is the process of reclaiming raw materials and reusing them. 10. true 11. biodegradable 12. a. metal, b. plastic, c. glass, d. paper 13. Objects include metal desks, scissors, staples, paper clips, soda cans, house siding, and window screens. 14. Products include fiber filling for sleeping bags, fleece jackets, carpeting, park benches, shower stalls, floor tiles, trash cans, and dock pilings. 15. false

16. Each time paper is recycled, the new paper is rougher, weaker, and darker.

17. a, c

18. Reduce; Reuse; Recycle

19. composting

20. Compost can be used as a natural fertilizer for plants.

21. true

25. b

22. c

26. true

23. a

27. false

24. d

28. true

29. a. burial in landfills, b. incineration, c. breakdown by living organisms, d. storage in deep rock layers

30. false

31. They are stored in vaults dug hundreds of meters underground or in concrete and steel containers above

ground.

32. true

33. You can find substitutes for some hazardous household chemicals such as insect sprays.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Water Pollution and Solutions Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Possible questions and answers include the following: Q.What are some household causes of water pollution? A.Water and human wastes that are washed down sinks, toilets, and showers Q.What is sediment? A.Rock and sand that has been eroded by water 1. a, c, d 2. groundwater 3. During the water cycle, water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers. As it evaporates, any dissolved substances are left behind. The pure water vapor condenses into droplets that fall as precipitation. 4. It is a period when less rain than normal falls in an area. 5. pollutants 6. Pollutants dissolve and move throughout a body of water. 7. true 8. a. agriculture, b. industry, c. households, d. mining 9. sewage 10. a. animal wastes, b. fertilizer, c. pesticides 11. sediments 12. They cover up food sources, nesting sites, and eggs of organisms. They also block sunlight, which prevents algae and plants from growing. 13. Heated water can change the temperature of a body of water and kill organisms living there. 14. proper sewage treatment; the reduction of pollutants; the effective cleanup of oil and gasoline spills 15. false 16. b 17. a 18. They can recycle wastes to recover useful materials, and they can change their processes to produce less waste or less harmful waste. 19. true 20. When oil is present, the bacteria multiply quickly and feed on the oil. 21. false 22. Groundwater can be pumped to the surface, treated, and then returned underground. 23. They can prevent water pollution by not pouring household chemicals, such as paint thinners and motor oil, down the drain.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Air Pollution and Solutions Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills Possible causes include the following: Factory and power plant emissions that produce nitrogen oxides and sul-fur oxides when they burn coal and oil; gases emitted by automobiles and trucks; indoor air pollutants, such as toxic chemicals 1. emissions 2. The largest source is motor vehicles. 3. One natural cause is an erupting volcano. 4. photochemical smog 5. false 6. Ozone is the major chemical found in smog. 7. It is a condition in which a layer of warm air prevents cooler rising air from escaping into higher parts of the atmosphere. 8. Layer B is the warmest. 9. A temperature inversion traps polluted air and holds it close to Earth's surface. 10. Smog can irritate people's eyes and throats, cause breathing problems, and harm the body's defenses against infection. 11. acid rain 12. bottom middle oval: Sulfur oxides; upper right oval: Nitric acid 13. Acid rain kills many fish and their eggs, damages plants, destroys forests, reacts with stone and metal in buildings and statues, and makes automobiles rust more quickly. 14. It is caused by dust, pet hair, tobacco smoke, glues, and cleaning supplies. 15. a 16. a, c, d 17. emissions 18. Scrubbers; Catalytic Converters 19. Using less energy reduces the amount of fuels that are burned, and this reduces air pollution.

Chapter 4 Section 5 Global Changes in the Atmosphere Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Outlines should have Roman numerals followed by major headings and capital letters followed by minor headings. I. The thinning of the ozone layer

A. The source of ozone B. The ozone hole C. What's being done II. Global climate change A. The greenhouse effect B.Global warming C.Possible consequences D.The difficulty of predicting climate change 1. ozone layer 2. true 3. The major source is a group of gases called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, that were used in many household products. 4. Products include refrigerators, air conditioners, fire extinguishers, and aerosol spray cans. 5. It is the trapping of heat near Earth's surface by gases in the atmosphere.

6.

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