PRENTICE HALL SCIENCE EXPLORER Grade 8 - Weebly

P R E N T I C E

H A L L

SCIENCE

EXPLORER

Grade 8

Guided Reading

and Study Workbook

¡ô Promotes active reading and enhances students¡¯

study skills using innovative questioning

strategies and exercises linked to the student text

¡ô Builds a record of students¡¯ work to use as a study

aid for quizzes and tests

¡ô Provides a wide range of question formats¡ª

for every section of the text¡ªto reach a wide

variety of learners

¡ô Gives parents a handy resource to help students

study and learn

P R E N T I C E

H A L L

Grade 8

Guided Reading

and

Study Workbook

Student Edition

Needham, Massachusetts

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey

Glenview, Illinois

Copyright ? by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission

should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval

system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,

or likewise. Student worksheets and tests may be duplicated for classroom use, the number not to

exceed the number of students in each class. Notice of copyright must appear on all copies. For

information regarding permissions(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department.

ISBN 0-13-058708-7

24 25 26 27 28 29 (V016) 14 13 12 11

Table of Contents

What Is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Chapter 1 Chemical Interactions . . . . . .5

1-1 Inside an Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

1-2 The Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

1-3 Observing Chemical Reactions . . . . . . .11

1-4 Writing Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . .13

1-5 Controlling Chemical Reactions . . . . . .17

Chapter 2 Exploring Properties

of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

2-1 Polymers and Composites . . . . . . . . . . .21

2-2 Metals and Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

2-3 Ceramics and Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

2-4 Radioactive Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Chapter 3 Motion and Energy . . . . . . . .33

3-1 Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

3-2 Temperature and Thermal Energy . . . .37

3-3 The Nature of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

3-4 Thermal Energy and States

of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

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Chapter 4 Characteristics of Waves . .47

4-1 What Are Waves? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

4-2 Properties of Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

4-3 Interactions of Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

4-4 Seismic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

Chapter 7 Light Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

7-1 Wave Reflection and Mirrors . . . . . . . .85

7-2 Wave Refraction and Lenses . . . . . . . . .87

7-3 Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

7-4 Seeing Light Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

7-5 Using Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Chapter 8 Characteristics of

the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

8-1 Tools of Modern Astronomy . . . . . . . . .97

8-2 Characteristics of Stars . . . . . . . . . . . .100

8-3 Lives of Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

8-4 Star Systems and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . .106

8-5 History of the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . .111

9-1 Earth¡¯s Interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

9-2 Convection Currents and

the Mantle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

9-3 Drifting Continents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

9-4 Sea-Floor Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

9-5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics . . . . . . .120

9-6 Changing Earth¡¯s Surface . . . . . . . . . . .122

Chapter 10 Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127

10-1 Properties of Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . .127

10-2 How Minerals Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

10-3 Mineral Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Chapter 5 Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

5-1 The Nature of Sound Waves . . . . . . . . .61

5-2 Properties of Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . .63

5-3 Combining Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . .65

5-4 How You Hear Sound Waves . . . . . . . . .68

5-5 Applications of Sound Waves . . . . . . . .69

Chapter 11 Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

11-1 Classifying Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

11-2 Igneous Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

11-3 Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

11-4 Metamorphic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

11-5 The Rock Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

Chapter 6 The Electromagnetic

Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

6-1 The Nature of Electromagnetic

Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

6-2 Waves of the Electromagnetic

Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

6-3 Generating Visible Light Waves . . . . . . .78

6-4 Wireless Communication . . . . . . . . . . .81

Chapter 12 Land and Soil

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

12-1 Conserving Land and Soil . . . . . . . . . .153

12-2 Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158

12-3 Hazardous Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

Science Explorer Grade 8

Guided Reading and Study Workbook

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Chapter 13 Air and Water

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

13-1 Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

13-2 The Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

13-3 Finding Pollution Solutions . . . . . . . .171

Chapter 14 The Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . .175

14-1 Exploring the Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

14-2 Tides and the Lunar Cycle . . . . . . . . . .178

14-3 Life at the Ocean¡¯s Edge . . . . . . . . . . . .181

14-4 The Neritic Zone and Open Ocean . . .184

14-5 Resources From the Ocean . . . . . . . . .187

Chapter 15 Climate and Climate

Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

15-1 What Causes Climate? . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

15-2 Climate Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

15-3 Long-Term Changes in Climate . . . . .197

15-4 Global Changes in the Atmosphere . . .200

Chapter 17 Modern Genetics . . . . . . .217

17-1 Human Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217

17-2 Human Genetic Disorders . . . . . . . . . .219

17-3 Advances in Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222

Chapter 18 Change Over Time . . . . . .225

18-1 Darwin¡¯s Voyage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225

18-2 The Fossil Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

18-3 Other Evidence of Change . . . . . . . . .232

Chapter 19 Interdependence

in Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235

19-1 Interactions in the Human Body . . . .235

19-2 Equilibrium and Feedback . . . . . . . . .238

19-3 Interactions Among Living Things . . .241

Chapter 16 Genetics: The Science

of Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

16-1 Mendel¡¯s Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

16-2 Probability and Genetics . . . . . . . . . . .208

16-3 The Cell and Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . .211

16-4 The DNA Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . .213

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Guided Reading and Study Workbook

Science Explorer Grade 8

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