Cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com



Exam III Review A bit more on the Gilded AgeSo we have been calling the period of American history that we have been studying the Gilded AgeBut where does the term come from and what does it mean?The terms comes from Mark Twain And it means that from the outside that the Gilded Age looked like a time of economic, political and social prosperity But it was not sold gold but it only appeared to be That it looked shiny on the outside but underneath it was a time of great political corruption, little federal power, Urbanization: and all of its problems, little to no rights for workers, worsening conditions for women and African Americans More on the Gilded Age As I have mentioned in class the politics of the Gilded Age was marked by a relatively weak federal government( particularly the executive branch)The Presidents of the Gilded Age were: Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur and Harrison ( known as the forgettable presidents) Grover Cleveland is the only exception The politics of the Gilded Age were also plagued by scandal and corruptionGrant’s presidency particularly so Local politics and local political machines became very powerful and in a way still maintain that power even todayWith the growth of Urbanization, City’s had to expand the size and scope of their governments Urbanization It was during the Gilded Age that the country became considerably more urban What are some aspects of Urbanization that we have covered so far? Why do you think that American experienced so much urban growth during the Gilded Age?More economic opportunity? Better living conditions?More independence (particularly for young men and women?IndustrializationThe lure of everything that the city’s had to offer New ImmigrationFirst what was Old Immigration :- Up to the 1840’s most immigrants to America were , Anglo-Saxon from Britain or they were from Western Europe , France, Germany and Scandinavia Between 1850-1880 over 6 million immigrants arrived New ImmigrationBetween 1880-1920 about 27 million11 million of which returned home Most new immigrants came from Eastern and Southern EuropeIncluding: Italians, Russians, Russian Jews, Poles, Greeks, Hungarians, Croats/SloveniansMost came through Ellis Island in New York harbor from 1882-1954Came to live in enclaves in NY and Chicago where their numbers were actually larger than back in EuropeThe New Immigrants struggled to maintain their cultures in America The Old WestWhen you hear the term the Old West what do you think of ?Cowboys (white)Cattle drives SaloonsDusty townsShowdownsLawlessnessIndiansCowboys and Indians fighting GunsThe Great West Spanned from the Great Plains in the east to the California desert in the westFloods of white settlers moved westward after 1865Was inhabited by Plains Indians; Sioux, Comanche and other tribes Southwestern Amerindians such as the Apache and Navajo and Northwestern Amerindians including the Nez Perce and the ShoshoniPioneers poured into the area in one of the most rapid settlements of such a vast area in all of human history Expansion was spurred by the Homestead Act of 1862 and by the construction of the Transcontinental RailroadAmerindians stood in the way of expansion on two fronts: westward from the trans-Mississippi East and eastward from the Pacific Coast The Old West a large percentage of cowboys were not white The Indian tribes are actually different from each other Indian attacks on White settlers were relatively rare Indian tribes had advanced civilizationsMany people who tried to move out west returned back eastThe men did outnumber the womenBeing a cowboy was not the only occupationOther occupations included: ranching, working for the railroad, mining Expansion beyond our boarders Otherwise known as American ImperialismYes America was imperialistic, yes we had ( still have ) colonies, yes we invaded other places and, yes wars were fought over our imperialistic ambitions So what do you think are some reasons for American imperialism? Make sure to take into account when American imperialism takes place. Causes of American Imperialism The perception that the frontier had ended Many Americans believed that the U.S. had to expandThe Panic of 1893 convinced some businessmen that new markets for American goods were neededForeign trade increasingly important to the U.S. economy in the late 19th century Desire to compete with Europe for overseas empires Many Americans promoted U.S. expansionPan-Americanism – the idea that America was part of Major events of American Imperialism The Samoan CrisisVenezuela Boundary DisputeHawaiiCuba ( know the Spanish American War and its consequences )ReconcentrationThe Cuban RevoltExplosion of the MaineSpanish-American WarThe Annexation of HawaiiThe Insurrection in the PhilippinesOpen Door PolicyPanama Canal Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine ( know the Roosevelt Corollary)World War OneThe American Role in World War IRemember that WWI occurs during the Progressive EraAnd during the presidency of the Woodrow Wilson (one of the Progressive presidents) Wilson was elected in 1912 because of a two way split in the Republican Party Wilson was elected again in 1916 on the promise that he would keep America out of war The American Response to WWIMany Americans wanted nothing to do with the war in EuropeThey saw the war as Europe’s problem not ours Some Americans sided with the Allies others sided with the central powers The United States actually gave money to both sides before we entered the war Assassination and Alliances Lead to WWI The immediate cause of WWI was the Assignation of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand who was the heir to the Austrian Hungarian throne The long term causes of WWI were:MAIN : Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, NationalismAmerican Neutrality & Divided LoyaltiesAmerica remained officially Neutral in WWI for quite a whileThough America and Americans were contributing to the war for both sides financially C. America Slowly Steps to War1. 1914: England’s Blockade Ends US Trade with Germany 2. 1915: A German Submarine Sinks the Lusitania3. 1916: Wilson Runs for President on “He Kept Us Out of War” Platform4. Early 1917: --The United States Seizes the Zimmerman NoteMake sure and know why America entered WWI and What impact the War had on American Society , also know about Wilson’s 14 points and what sort of impact they had on the peace negotiations for WWI 5. April 1917: Wilson declares war to “make world safe for democracy”B. Government Promotes War with Propaganda C. Quieting Critics: The Espionage and Sedition ActsC. Women Work, Save and Win Suffrage (Voting) ( what impacts did the war have on American Society?)( important know this) III. A War to End All Wars?A. American Troops & Germany’s Surrender (1918)B. The Peace Conference: US Wants Peace, France Wants PunishmentC. The Treaty of Versailles: A League of Nations & Germany Punished D. Republican Reservations About the League of Nations & Wilson’s ResponseD. The US Fails to Join the League of Nations The Roaring 20’sAmerica in the “Roaring 1920s”: So what Characterized America in the 1920’sEconomic Triumph and Cultural Tensions I. Economic TriumphsA. Rising Wages for American WorkersB. New Goods for the “Average” American1. Henry Ford’s Model T2. The Radio and Electrical AppliancesC. New Temptations to Buy1. Easy Credit and Buying “on Margin”2. The Birth of Modern AdvertisingII. Cultural TensionsA. Alcohol: Prohibition v. Personal ChoiceB. Women: Family Values v. Flappers & Female Independence C. Explaining the World: Science v. Religion (The Scopes Trial)The Scopes Trial Opportunities and Oppression for African-AmericansThe Great MigrationThe creation of new African American communities in Northern CitiesThe Harlem Renaissance Jazz and the Jazz Age E. New Restrictions on ImmigrationThe Immigration Act of 1924The Causes of the Great DepressionThe Coming of the Great CrashA. Easy Credit and Advertising Encourage Family DebtB. The 20s Only “Roar” for the RichC. Foreign Sales Fall Due to TariffsII. The Stock Market and the Coming of the Great CrashA. The 1920s: Stock Prices Soar, Individuals and Banks Buy MoreB. Summer 1929: Some Investors Lose Confidence & Start to Sell StocksC. October 1929: Black Tuesday & the Stock Market CrashD. Late 1929-1930s: Banks & Businesses FailU.S. Unemployment rates 1929-1940III. Hoover Responds to the Great DepressionA. Hoover’s Philosophy: Rugged Individualism & Laissez-Faire -- Not Welfare"Unemployment in the sense of distress is widely disappearing. . . . We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land. “-- Hoover, 1928B. Loaning Money to Banks and Businesses: The Reconstruction Finance CorporationC. The Embarrassment of the Bonus Army D. Shanty Towns Become “Hoovervilles”FDR and the Great DepressionFDR (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) Responds to the Great DepressionI. The Impact of the Great Depression on Ordinary AmericansA. Unemployment, Eviction, and HungerB. Falling Fathers, Falling Birth RatesC. Failing Farmers, the Dust Bowl, and HoovervillesD. Soup Kitchens, Bread Lines, and the Limits of Local Relief , local relief could only do so much, and in most cases it could not handle the tremendous needs of those who were affected by the Depression II. FDR Proposes a New DealA. FDR’s Fireside Chats Appeal to the “Forgotten Man” B. FDR’s Inaugural Address & the First Hundred Days“This Nation asks for action, and action now. ““Our greatest primary task is to put people to work…. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the Government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war.”C. Three Competing and Conflicting Goals?Relief – Immediate End to Human SufferingRecovery – Bring US Out of Depression Reform – Make Sure Depression Can’t Happen AgainThe 1st Hundred Days and Alphabet Agencies Think about what needed to be done by the federal government to help with the Depression, what were the most pressing issues facing the country and how did the first New Deal, and the 1st hundred days address those issues With the Second New Deal: make sure to know the major legislation of the 2nd New DealWhat was the nature to the legislation of the 2nd New Deal?How did the legislation differ from that of the 1st New Deal?What opposition did FDR and the federal government face between the 1st and 2nd New Deal?What effects did the Great Depression have on America?Know the impact of the Dust BowlHere is the link to the video that we watched about the Dust Bowl of The Great Depression Weak industries 1. Cotton industry was affected by the rise of synthetic materials. 2. Railroad industry was affected by the automobile and airplane. Railroad passenger miles declined from 47 million in 1922 to 34 million in 1927 3. Coal industry declined in the face of the electrical, oil, and chemical industries 4. Low food prices affected the farming industry a. Demand for foodstuffs dropped after WWI. b. Government refused price supports in 1920's. Overproduction of goods by manufacturers 1. Consumers began to spend less on goods – under consumption a. Ordinary workers and farmers had used their consumer credit and did not have enough money to keep buying products that were produced. b. Immigration laws of the 1920s reduced population growth that, in turn, reduced aggregate demand 2. Many warehouses were full of products that couldn't be sold. Companies lost money. C. Uneven distribution of income 1. 5% of the population received 30% of the total income. a. One estimate: Income of top 1% increased about 75%; bottom 93% = only 6%. b. Partly due to Andrew Mellon’s “trickle down” policies c. Urban industrial workers tended to earn more than farmers 2. One-half of country lived below the poverty line. These were potential customers. D. Unstable banking system 1. Due to mismanagement in real estate and over speculation in the stock market 2. 1% of banks controlled 46% of bank resources. 3. Runs on banks caused many banks to close after the Crash Weak international economy 1. U.S. protectionist trade policies hurt foreign trade a. Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922 b. Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) --created highest tariff in U.S. history 23 nations retaliated by imposing tariffs on U.S. exports. 2. The U.S. economy in 1929 was less affected by the weak international economy due to foreign trade representing a smallYet, loan defaults from foreign countries and reduced demand ultimately worsened the crisis in the U.S.The Great DepressionBy 1932, 5,761 banks had failed (22% of the total) 1. Many banks invested in stocks before the crash 2. 4,000 more banks collapsed between December 1932 and the new president’s inauguration in March, 1933 Thousands of businesses failed 1. 20,000 in 1929; 30,000 in 1932 2. Business investment between 1929 and 1932 decreased by nearly 95%!Unemployment reached 25% by 1932 (13 million people) excluding farmers. a. As high as 33% including farmers; Chicago = 50%! b. Low-skilled workers most affected (professionals & middle-class suffered less) Blacks and immigrant workers especially hard hit (lowskilled) c. Unemployment had been as low as 3.2% in 1929 d. Auto industry only functioned at 20% of capacity by 1932; steel industry only 12% of capacityThe Great Depression Total wages dropped from $12 billion to $7 billion from 1929 to 1932 (lower wages = less money spent in the economy); about 41% 1. Partly due to deflation 2. Increase in child labor occurred as a result E. By 1932, 25% of farmers had lost their farmsA major cause was the large drop in food prices caused byoverproduction and less demand from EuropeThe Bonus Army1. 14,000 unemployed veterans marched on Washington in the summer of 1932 to lobby Congress for payment of bonus that was payable in 1945. 2. At Hoover’s insistence, the Senate did not pass the bonus bill and about half of the Bonus Army accepted congressional transportation back home. 3. The remaining 5,000 marchers lived in shanties along the Anacostia river and continued to lobby for their cause. 4. Hoover called in the Army to remove the Bonus Army after two veterans were killed in a clash with the police. Veterans were driven from Washington, D.C. and their campswere burned. Significance: Hoover appeared heartless to already angryAmericans; contributed to his defeat in the November election.The Devastation of the Great DepressionStatistics such as the unemployment rate tell only part of the story of the Great Depression. More important was the impact that it had on people’s lives: the Depression brought hardship, homelessness, and hunger to millions.The Depression in the Cities : In cities across the country, people lost their jobs, were evicted from their homes and ended up in the streets. Some slept in parks or sewer pipes, wrapping themselves in newspapers to fend off the cold.built makeshift shacks out of scrap materials. Before long, numerous shantytowns—little towns consistingof shacks—sprang up. An observer recalled one such settlement in Oklahoma City: “Here were all these people living in old, rusted-out car bodies. . . . There were people living in shacks made of orange crates. One family with a whole lot of kids were living in a piano box. . . . People were living in whatever they could junk together.”Every day the poor dug through garbage cans or begged. Soup kitchens offering free or low-cost food and bread lines, or lines of people waiting to receive food provided by charitable organizations or public agencies, became a common sight. The Breadlines Two or three blocks along Times Square, you’d see these men, silent, shuffling along in a line. Getting this handout of coffee and doughnuts, dealt out from great trucks. . . . I’d see that flat, opaque, expressionless look which spelled, for me, human disaster. Men . . . who had responsible positions. Who had lost their jobs, lost their homes, lost their families . . . They were destroyed men.”—quoted in Hard Times – Herman ShumlinConditions for African Americans and LatinosConditions for African Americans and Latinos wereespecially difficult. Their unemployment rates were higher, and they were the lowest paid. They also dealt with increasing racial violence from unemployed whites competing for the same jobs. Twenty-four African Americans died by lynching in 1933.Latinos—mainly Mexicans and Mexican Americans living in the Southwest—were also targets. Whites demanded that Latinos be deported, or expelled from the country, even though many had been born in America. By the late 1930s, hundreds of thousands of people of Mexican descent relocated to Mexico. Some left voluntarily; others were deported by the federal government.An African American perspective Although the suffering of the 1930s was severe for many people, it was especially grim for African Americans. Hard times were already a fact of life for many blacks, as one African American man noted:“The Negro was born in depression. It didn’t mean too much to him, The Great American Depression. . . . The best he could be is a janitor or a porter or shoeshine boy. It only became official when it hit the white man.”Nonetheless, the African American community was very hard hit by the Great Depression.In 1932, the unemployment rate among African Americans stood at over 50 percent, while the overall unemployment rate was approximately 25 percent.The Depression in Rural AreasLife in rural areas was hard, but it did have one advantage over city life: most farmers could grow food for their families. With falling prices and rising debt, though, thousands of farmers lost their land. Between 1929 and 1932, about 400,000 farms were lost through foreclosure—the process by which a mortgage holder takes back property if an occupant has not made payments. Many farmers turned to tenant farming and barely scraped out a livingThe Dust BowlWas worst between 1933-1936The drought that began in the early 1930s wreaked havoc on the Great Plains. During the previous decade, farmers from Texas to North Dakota had used tractors to breakup the grasslands and plant millions of acres of new farmland. Plowing had removed the thick protective layer of prairie grasses. Farmers had then exhausted the land through overproduction of crops, and the grasslands became unsuitable for farming. When the drought and winds began in the early 1930s, little grass and few trees were left to hold the soil down.The Dust Bowl Wind scattered the topsoil, exposing sand and grit underneath. The dust traveled hundreds of miles. One windstorm in 1934 picked up millions of tons of dust from the plains and carried it to East Coast cities. The region that was the hardest hit, including parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado, came to be known as the Dust Bowl. Plagued by dust storms and evictions, thousands of farmers and sharecroppers left their land behind. They packed up their families and few belongings and headed west, following Route 66 to California. Some of these migrants—known as Okies (a term that originally referred to Oklahomans but came to be used negatively for all migrants)—found work as farmhands. But others continued to wander in search of work. By the end of the 1930s, hundreds of thousands of farm families had migrated to California and other Pacific Coast states.The Dust BowlNebraska, 1935–1937Over two years, federal workers help soil conservation by planting 360,000 trees and completing 62 dams, 517ponds, and 500 acres of terracingBeaver, Okla., March 24, 1936Grain-elevator operators estimate that 20% of wheat crop has been blown away by dust storms.Tucumcari, N. Mex.March 30, 1936 Clouds of dust blown by 50-mph winds cause complete darkness.New York City, May 12, 1934Dust lowers humidity from normal 57% to 34%. Dust is reported on ships 500 miles out to sea.Chicago, Nov. 1933Crowds at Chicago Exposition world’s fair are caught in50 mph gale of dustBoston, May 1934Midwestern dust is found on airplanes landing in Boston; it collected on the planes at altitudes of up to 20,000 ft.Effects on the American Family In the face of the suffering caused by the Great Depression, the family stood as a source of strength for most Americans. Although some people feared that hard times would undermine moral values, those fears were largely unfounded. In general, Americans believed in traditional values and emphasized the importance of family unity. At a time when money was tight, many families entertained themselves by staying at home and playing board games, such as Monopoly (invented in 1933), and listening to the radio.Nevertheless, the economic difficulties of the Great Depression put severe pressure on family life. Making ends meet was a daily struggle, and, in some cases, families broke apart under the strainMen In the Streets Many men had difficulty coping with unemployment because they were accustomed toworking and supporting their families. Every day, they would set out to walk the streets in search of jobs. As Frederick Lewis Allen noted in Since Yesterday, “Men who have been sturdy and self-respecting workers can take unemployment without flinching for a few weeks, a few months, even if they have to see their families suffer; but it is different after a year . . . two years . . . three years.” Some men became so discouraged that they simply stopped trying.Some even abandoned their families.During the Great Depression, as many as 300,000 transients—or “hoboes” as they were called—wandered the country, hitching rides on railroad boxcars and sleeping under bridges. These hoboes of the 1930s, mainly men, would occasionally turn up at homeless shelters in big cities.A PERSONAL VOICE-THOMAS WOLFE“ These were the wanderers from town to town, the riders of freight trains, the numbers of rides on highways, the uprooted, unwanted male population of America. They . . . gathered in the big cities when winter came, hungry, defeated, empty, hopeless, restless . . . always on the move, looking everywhere for work, for the bare crumbs to support their miserable lives, and finding neither work nor crumbs.”—You Can’t Go Home AgainDuring the early years of the Great Depression, there was no federal system of direct relief—cash payments or food provided by the government to the poor. Some cities and charity services did offer relief to those who needed it, but the benefits were meager. In New York City, for example, the weekly payment was just $2.39 per family. This was the most generous relief offered by any city, but it was still well below the amount needed to feed a familyWomen struggle to survive Women worked hard to help their families survive adversity during the Great Depression. Many women canned food and sewed clothes. They also carefully managed household budgets. Jeane Westin, the author of Making Do: How Women Survived the ’30s, recalled: “Those days you did everything to save a penny. . . . My next door neighbor and I used to shop together. You could get two pounds of hamburger for a quarter, so we’d buy two pounds and split it—then one week she’d pay the extra penny and the next week I’d pay.”As a matter of fact, many women were starving to death in cold attics and rooming houses. As one writer pointed out, women were often too ashamed to reveal their hardship.A PERSONAL VOICE- MERIDEL LE SEUER“ I’ve lived in cities for many months, broke, without help, too timid to get in bread lines. I’ve known many women to live like this until they simply faint in the street. . . . A woman will shut herself up in a room until it is taken away from her, and eat a cracker a day and be as quiet as a mouse. . . . [She] will go for weeks verging on starvation, . . . going through the streets ashamed, sitting in libraries, parks, going for days without speaking to a living soul, shut up in the terror of her own misery.” —America in the Twenties Children Suffer Hardship Children also suffered during the 1930s. Poor diets and a lack of money for health care led to serious health problems. Milk consumption declined across the country, and clinics and hospitals reported a dramatic rise in malnutrition and diet-related diseases, such as rickets. By 1933, some 2,600 schools across the nation had shut down, leaving more than 300,000 students out of school. Thousands of children went to work instead; they often labored in sweatshops under horrendous conditions.Social and Psychological effects The hardships of the Great Depression had a tremendous social and psychological impact. Some people were so demoralized by hard times that they lost their will to survive.Between 1928 and 1932, the suicide rate rose more than 30 percent.Three times as many people were admitted to state mental hospitals as in normal times.Know the events leading up to WWII around the World and for the United States specifically Here is the link to the John Green Video that we watched in class on WWII were the major battles of WWII?Where and when was America fighting?What was life like at home during the war?Know about the shortages on the home front?Know about who went to work and in what industries?Know about how the Cold War began?What was the Cold War? How was everything shaped for America for the next 50 years because of the Cold War Here is a link to help you with the Cold War about life in America in the 1940’s and 1950’s What was the new American Dream?What did the GI bill do?What comes to mind when we think about the 1950’s?What myths do we believe about the 1950’s?And why do we believe them?Why are they myths? Here is the video that is from the 1950’s about what to do if there was a nuclear attack to think about the fear, nationwide, that nuclear armament caused Think about the idealized view of the home, family and gender roles of the 1950’sWhat was changing in America as we moved into the 1960’s?History of American MedicineAmerican Medicine todayWhat comes to mind when you think about American Medicine?What is health? What does it mean to be healthy?What roles does medicine and medical institutions play in our everyday lives?How do you think that American Medicine has changed over the course of American History? HealthWhat is health?What kinds of health are there?What did health mean in the past ?How has the perception of healthy changed?What is similar, what is different from conceptions of health in the past and now?American medicine in the 1700’sStill very similar to medicine in EuropeFew doctorsMost health care took place in you home, as did most other things as wellMedical education was varied, more informal and usually took the form of apprenticeshipPhysicians were for the rich Diseases, medical organization, and epidemics American medicine until 1850’sSomewhat more organized, at least on a local levelMedical schools emerging, including ones in the SouthDifferent kinds of practitioners Different views of what was healthy Disease concepts High mortality Very different from today Medical educationHad moved away from the European model someNo longer a division between physicians, surgeons and druggists More formal medical schoolsTwo years, consisting of 2 four month termsChemistry, anatomy, Latin, rhetoric etc. Disease Few diseases were specificOne disease could turn into anotherDiseases could come from interesting places Miasmas Few specific treatments Lots of kinds of fevers Caused by temperament and the humors TreatmentsNot disease specificWide range of remedies Some were mechanically basedSimilar treatments since medieval EuropeHeroic measures Often employed to help return the balance of the body’s humors Not a lot of constancy ChangesDeregulation The irregular practitioners Continuing use of heroic practices Clinical experience in medical educationMore and more medical publications More medical colleges Longer terms Professionization Medical CommunicationWhat I studyMedical journalsMonographs PamphletsPublished speech's/ public lectures Letters Medical texts Libraries My dissertationTo study how and why Southern physicians in Augusta, Charleston and New Orleans are using medical communication in their individual communities Professionalization, continued education, professional and regional identity They all had the same communication technologies They just used them in different ways and for different reasons American medicine 1850-1910A time of tremendous change Disease specificityGerm theoryScientific medicineProfessionalizationMedical specialties national medical network Major Disease Epidemics in the 19th century Yellow FeverMalariaSmall PoxCholera American medicine in the 20th centuryThe Flexner ReportA report on the nature and standards of American medical education that was issued in 1910StandardizationDramatically reduces the number of medical schools in the United States Public HealthThe 1900s1900?Some estimates indicate that HIV was transmitted from monkeys to humans as early as 1884-1924, but was either unrecognized or failed to initiate human to human transmission until later.1902?The US Congress expanded the scientific research work at the Hygienic Laboratory and gave it a definite budget. The legislation required the Surgeon General to organize conferences of local and national health officials in order to coordinate state and national public health activities. 1906?Congress passed the Federal Meat Inspection Act requiring the Department of Agriculture to inspect meats entering interstate commerce. They also passed the Food and Drugs Act. The law forbade adulteration and misbranding of foods, drinks, and drugs in interstate commerce, but contained few specific requirements to insure compliance."The working environment and its effect on worker's health became a major area of study for the Public Health Service starting in 1910. Investigations in the garment making industry, revealed unsanitary conditions and an excessive rate of tuberculosis. Other studies were done of silicosis among miners, sanitation and working conditions in the steel industry, lead poisoning in the pottery industry, and radiation hazards in the radium dial painting industry."?1912?The PHMHS was renamed the United States Public Health Service, and it was authorized to investigate human diseases such as, tuberculosis, hookworm, malaria, and leprosy), sanitation, water supplies and sewage disposal.1916?Johns Hopkins University founds the first school of public health in the the United States with a grant of $267,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation. The Rockefeller Foundation later supported schools of public health at Harvard and the University of Michigan.1918?The influenza pandemic of 1918 struck. It is believed to have caused at least 25-50 million deaths worldwide.1925?All states begin participating in national reporting of disease1938?Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, and major amendments to the law were made in 1954, 1958, and 1960. Today the law requires manufacturers to provide scientific proof of a new drug's safety. The law also makes dangerous or falsely labeled cosmetics and therapeutic devices illegal. Provisions are also made to ensure accurately labeling and that radiofrequency emissions from electronic devices is not hazardous to consumers.Public Health1948?Richard Doll and Bradford Hill the study found that the one consistent difference between lung cancer patients and the non-cancer controls was that the cancer patients were more frequently smokers, and they were heavier smokers. Nevertheless, it initially stirred much controversy, even among the medical community. Smoking was extremely prevalent, even in physicians, and many refused to believe that it could be a cause of cancer. "Medical discoveries and public health campaigns have almost eliminated deaths from the common diseases of childhood such as measles, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and whooping cough. As a result of these successes nearly 20 years were added to the average life expectancy at birth between 1900 and 1950-from 47 to 67 years.“"As epidemic diseases were brought under control the Public Health Service began to shift its attention to other areas such as cancer, heart disease, health in the workplace, and the impact of environmental problems, such as toxic waste disposal, on health. But the Public Health Service is still called upon to investigate outbreaks of disease such as Legionnaire's, toxic shock syndrome, and now the deadliest epidemic of our age -- AIDS. Much of the work of the early plague fighters and sanitarians is now carried out by the scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia."?Public Health1952?Polio cases surge in the US. Early testing of the vaccine developed by Jonas Salk is encouraging.1953?Under President Eisenhower, Congress created the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW).1954?A large scale clinical trial of the Salk vaccine begins1970?The Occupational Safety and Health Act was passed by Congress, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration was founded in 1971.1970?The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established to consolidate federal research, monitoring, standard-setting and enforcement activities to ensure environmental protection.1979?Smallpox is declared eradicated by the World Health Organization. The eradication of smallpox, one of the deadliest and most dreaded diseases, was the result of a massive global effort utilizing case finding and vaccination. The last known case occurred in 1977 in Somalia.1981?Dr. Michael Gottlieb and his associates report on four previously healthy young men who had developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. They hypothesized that this was a new syndrome of acquired immunodeficiency cause by a sexually transmitted infectious agent.2002? "... public health professionals must have a framework for action and an understanding of the forces that impact on health, a model of health that emphasizes the linkages and relationships among multiple determinants affecting health. Birth ControlThe Comstock Law Institutionalization Frontier Nursing Service20th century hospitalsTuskegee Syphilis StudyAmerican Medical Advancement ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download