Unit 8B: Depression, War, and Recovery



Unit 8B: Depression, War, and Recovery Pages 757-762

Chapter 27: The Rise of Dictators and World War II

Section 1: Steps to War

Before Reading:

(0) At the end of this section, I want you to tell me one way WWII is similar to WW I and one way it’s different.

The Rise of Dictators – Page 757

>(1) By the mid 1930’s, dictators …

>(2) WWI treaties left many nations feeling betrayed. Germany was treated the worst, by…

>(3) After WWI, the economies of many nations …

Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin – Page 758

Italy’s new leader was Benito Mussolini, and he began a movement known as (4) ___________________.

>(5) Mussolini became …

In Germany Adolph Hitler led the fascist National Socialist German Workers Party – or (6) _______________.

>(7) In the 1930’s …

In the Soviet Union, the Communists were still in control and were now led by Joseph Stalin.

>(8) Under Stalin the government…

(9) Fascism is: ____________________________________________________________________

Dictators seek to Expand Territory – Page 758

>(10) By 1931, Japan…

>(11) Both Italy and Germany wanted …

>(12) That same year, Hitler moved troops next to France, but neither France or the League of Nations …

>(13) Germany, Italy and their friends formed …

>(14) In 1938, Hitler invaded Austria and many people …

Appeasement at Munich – Page 759

>(15) Hitler wanted even more land -part of …

>(16) France, Russia, and Britain met with Hitler, but their talks…

>(17) Hitler eventually agreed that he would not …

>(18) This was an example of (19) _____________________, where other countries met Germany’s demands – just to try and avoid war.

>(20) While Britain’s leader thought he had “peace in our time”, others …

(21) Appeasement is: __________________________________________________________________

Germany Starts the War – Page 760

>(22) Hitler soon broke his promises - he wanted…

>(23) Britain and France thought they had an ally in Stalin (USSR). The Soviet Union and Germany had been enemies but now they agreed …

|September 1st, 1939 |Two days later |And… |

|Germany invaded (24)_____________________ |(25)______________________ and ____________________ |(26)____________ had begun |

| |declared war on Germany | |

>(27) The German blitzkrieg …

>(28)In April, 1940, the Germans …

>(29) In June, 1940 …

>(30) The British …

>(31) German planes unleashed …

Germany Attacks the Soviet Union – Page 761

>(32) At this time, Stalin’s troops …

>(33) As a result, Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, but made a major mistake by …

>(34) The Germans were unsuccessful because …

The United States Aids the Allies – Page 762

>(35) President Roosevelt tried to help the allies by…

This was called the (36) _________________________________________ because it (37) ___________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Japan Attacks (38) __________ – Page 762

>(39) In 1940, Japan also became involved because they wanted more …

>(40) Because only 1 thing stood in Japan’s way, they …

>(41) President Roosevelt asked Congress to …

|42 and 43. Answer 1 of these 2 questions |

|What’s the best way to respond to someone who acts like a dictator? |How do you think people who are dictators get their power in the first |

|(someone in charge of a situation you’re in, but someone you can’t ignore) |place? |

| | |

| | |

| | |

44 and 45. WWI and WWII: One way they’re similar:

46 and 47. One way WWI and WWII were different:

Germany, Italy, and Japan were called the (48) ______________________ Powers.

England, France, Russia, The U.S., etc… were called the (49) ___________________ Powers

|Nazi Ideological Theory: |

| |

| |

| |

|According to Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Hitler developed his political theories after carefully observing the policies of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He|

|was born as a citizen of the Empire, and believed that ethnic and linguistic diversity had weakened it. Further, he saw democracy as a destabilizing |

|force, because it placed power in the hands of ethnic minorities, who he claimed had incentives to further "weaken and destabilize" the Empire. |

|The Nazi rationale was heavily invested in the belief that great nations grow from military power, which in turn grows "naturally" from "rational, |

|civilized cultures." Hitler's calls appealed to disgruntled German Nationalists, eager to save face for the failure of World War I. After Austria and |

|Germany's defeat of World War I, many Germans still had heartfelt ties to the goal of creating a greater Germany, and thought that the use of military |

|force to achieve it was necessary. |

|Many placed the blame for Germany's misfortunes on those whom they perceived, in one way or another, to have sabotaged the goal of national victory. |

|Jews and communists became the ideal scapegoats for Germans deeply invested in a German Nationalist ideology. |

|Hitler's Nazi theory also claimed that the Aryan race is a master race, superior to all other races, that a nation is the highest creation of a race, |

|and great nations (literally large nations) were the creation of great races. These nations developed cultures that naturally grew from races with |

|"natural good health, and aggressive, intelligent, courageous traits." The weakest nations, Hitler said were those of impure or mongrel races, because |

|they have divided, quarrelling, and therefore weak cultures. Worst of all were seen to be the parasitic Untermensch (Subhumans), mainly Jews, but also |

|Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled and so called anti-socials, all of whom were considered lebensunwertes Leben (Lifeunworthy Life) due to their perceived |

|deficiency and inferiority. |

|People of the Eastern European Russian-dominated Slavic descent were also seen as subhuman, but only marginally parasitic, because they had their own |

|land and nations, though many of them lived in German countries such as Austria, which Hitler saw as an ethnic invasion of Germanic Lebensraum by |

|foreign populations who would have incentive to force Austria's loyalty to their lands of ethnic and cultural origin. |

|According to Nazism, it is an obvious mistake to permit or encourage multilingualism and multiculturalism within a nation. Fundamental to the Nazi goal |

|was the unification of all German-speaking peoples, "unjustly" divided into different Nation States. Hitler claimed that nations that could not defend |

|their territory did not deserve it. Slave races, he thought of as less-worthy to exist than "master races." In particular, if a master race should |

|require room to live (Lebensraum), he thought such a race should have the right to displace the inferior indigenous races. Hitler draws parallels |

|between Lebensraum and the American ethnic cleansing and relocation policies towards the Native Americans, which he saw as key to the success of the US.|

|"Races without homelands," Hitler claimed, were "parasitic races. A "master race" could therefore, according to the Nazi doctrine, easily strengthen |

|itself by eliminating "parasitic races" from its homeland. This was the given rationalization for the Nazi's later oppression and elimination of Jews |

|and Gypsies. |

|Hitler extended his rationalizations into religious doctrine, claiming that those who agreed with and taught his "truths," were "true" or "master" |

|religions, because they would "create mastery" by avoiding comforting lies. Those that preach love and tolerance, "in contravention to the facts," were |

|said to be "slave" or "false" religions. The man who recognizes these "truths," Hitler continued, was said to be a "natural leader," and those who deny |

|it were said to be "natural slaves." "Slaves," especially intelligent ones, he claimed were always attempting to hinder masters by promoting false |

|religious and political doctrines. |

|The ideological roots which became German "National Socialism" were based on numerous sources in European history, drawing especially from Romantic 19th|

|Century idealism, and from a biological misreading of Friedrich Nietzsche's thoughts on "breeding upwards" toward the goal of an Übermensch |

|(Superhuman). Hitler was an avid reader and received ideas that were later to influence Nazism from traceable publications. |

LEBENSRAUM: LIVING SPACE FOR THE GERMAN RACE

The main reason for the Nazi expansion into its neighboring western countries was built upon the principle of lebensraum. Even though it translates literally to mean only “living space,” lebensraum carried with it the desire for the Nazis to expand into other countries to provide living space for the growing German race.

During this time, the “inferior” races, such as the Jews and Gypsies, who occupied the new Nazi territories, were stripped of their possessions, jobs, and “resettled” in ghettos or concentration camps. This helped break the people’s will, asserted the strong power of the Nazis, and gave direct benefits to the Nazi regime.

When the Nazi Army successfully overtook and conquered the surrounding lands of France, Alsace, and Lorraine, the Reich immediately began its policy of racial restructuring. The German bureaucracy began by issuing orders for Jews in a particular town or city to submit an announcement of their possessions. This property was then gathered and confiscated, and the money was used directly by the bureaucracy.

The Nazis basic intent was to make survival for the Jews more difficult and to create a loss of identity for the Jews. For the most part, the Nazis were successful in accomplishing their two goals as well as devastating the lives of the for letters stating that their jobs no longer existed or that their possessions were to be handed over to the German Reich. The Nazis occupying the towns asserted that the consequence of dissension was severe punishment or death.

As the Jews were stripped of their belongings, they also were stripped of their purpose and their identity. By taking their positions at work, their personal possessions, and their money, the Nazis ensured a supreme hold on the Jewish population that allowed them to expand and exploit the Nazi’s power.

After the possessions of the Jews were taken and sold, the Nazis continued their plans of "resettlement.” During World War II, 70,000 individuals were deported in France and the Alsace-Lorraine region with the help of the French government in power, 3,300 of which were Jews.

Most of the deportees were shipped to concentration camps throughout Europe for slave labor or to be put to death. The Nazis maintained their clear purpose of cleansing Europe of the Jews, Gypsies, criminals, and foreign nationalists, and they carried these goals into the occupied territories for implementation. Through the goals of lebensraum and “resettlement,” the Nazis tried to restructure the racial content of Europe and deeply scarred the lives of many Jews living in the occupied regions. The Nazis stripped away their lives and their identities in an effort to expand their own race at the expense and exploitation of the Jewish race.

From:

The Neutrality Acts (From: )

A series of acts passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939 to limit U.S. involvement in possible future wars and that was created in response to the belief that U.S. involvement in World War I resulted from loans and trade with the Allies.

• The 1935 act banned the shipment of war materials to belligerents and forbade U.S. citizens to travel on belligerent vessels.

• The 1936 act banned loans to belligerents.

• The 1937 act extended these provisions to civil wars and allowed the president to restrict non-munitions sales to a “cash-and-carry” basis.

• The 1939 act banned U.S. ships from carrying goods or passengers to belligerent ports but allowed U.S. sales of munitions on a “cash-and carry” basis.

• The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 diminished the laws, and they were repealed on November 13, 1941.

Lend-Lease (from Wikipedia)

Lend-Lease (Public Law 77-11) was the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, military bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies. It began in March 1941, over 18 months after the outbreak of the war in September 1939. It was called An Act Further to Promote the Defense of the United States. This act also ended the pretense of the neutrality of the United States. Hitler recognized this and consequently had submarines attack US ships, even outside of the war zone.

A total of $50.1 billion (equivalent to $759 billion at 2008 prices) worth of supplies were shipped: $31.4 billion to Britain, $11.3 billion to the Soviet Union, $3.2 billion to France and $1.6 billion to China. Reverse Lend Lease comprised services (like rent on air bases) that went to the U.S. totaled $7.8 billion, of which $6.8 billion came from the British and the Commonwealth. The terms of the agreement provided that the material was to be used until time for their return or destruction. (Supplies after the termination date were sold to Britain at a discount, for £1.075 billion, using long-term loans from the U.S.) Canada operated a similar program that sent $4.7 billion in supplies to Britain and Soviet Union.

This program was a decisive step away from American non-interventionism since the end of World War I and towards international involvement. The Americans demanded that this rent be settled, and it took until 2006 for the UK government to settle its debt to the USA.

Unit 8B: Depression, War, and Recovery Pages 763-768

Chapter 27: The Rise of Dictators and World War II

Section 2: War in Africa and Europe

Before Reading:

(1) Why it matters now (page 763): During WWII, the United States assumed a leading role in world affairs that

continues ____________________________.

Mobilizing for War – Page 763

>(2) Pearl Harbor pulled the U.S. into the war and millions …

>(3) Four of the racial and ethnic groups who fought for the U.S. were: …

>(4) More than 300,000 women …

Battles in Africa and Italy – Page 764

>(5) America was convinced the first place they should invade would be …

>(6) Controlling northern Africa meant controlling …

>(7) German troops in northern Africa were tough because of …

>(8) The Americans were led by (9) __________________________________ who eventually forced the Axis powers in northern Africa …

>(10) The invasion of Italy then got underway with an attack …

>(11) Before long the Italians had turned on their leader (Mussolini) and …

The Allied Advance and D-Day – Page 765

>(12) Meanwhile, Germany’s difficulties in the Soviet Union when ...

>(13) Fighting continued throughout the winter where many Nazi soldiers …

>(14) The German idea of conquering the Soviet Union was gone. Hitler had other things to worry about when the Allies planned …

This attack became known as (15) ______________________

>(16) The attack surprised the Germans, but more than 10,000…

>(17) By the end of June, 1944…

>(18) The Allies were advancing from the west. The Soviets were advancing from the east. In one final assault, known as (19) __________________________________________________ …

In this battle there were (20) _________________ German casualties and (21) ______________ American soldiers killed, captured, or wounded

[pic] [pic] [pic]

|22/23. In a war, what would be two things | |

|that would be happening that could allow | |

|you to say you were “winning the war” | |

Victory in Europe – Page 767

>(24) By 1945 the Germans were retreating everywhere and at the (25) ___________________________________ …

>(25) The three leaders agreed to ….

>(26) But in April, 1945 …

>(27) In late April, 1945 …

>(28) On May 8th, V-E Day came when …

The Horrors of the Holocaust – Page 767

>(29) As the Allies reached parts of Germany, they saw evidence of the (30) _________________________, where …

>(30) Hitler did this because he blamed the (31) ____________________ for …

>(32) In Hitler’s policy labeled (33) __________________________________________, …

>(34) On reaching the camps, the Allies were …

| | |

|35/36. What could you imagine | |

|could be the worst thing | |

|that could ever happen to you | |

|(and “your people”) in a future America that turned | |

|real bad? | |

The Anschluss: Austria Became Part of Nazi Germany from 1938-1945

In March of 1938, after the annexation of Austria by Germany (known as the Anschluss), German officers marched into Austria. This change, which was more of an absorbing of Austria into Germany than an equal unification, lasted until the end of World War II in 1945.

Why Did Germany Take Over Austria?

Germany became a dictatorship in 1933, when Adolf Hitler became chancellor. Hitler openly defied the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which stated that Germany was not to acquire new territory or build up its military. Hitler, originally from Austria, saw the opportunity to take over Austria as beneficial to his plan of a German Reich (empire).

Did Austrians Support the Anschluss?

It would be nice to imagine a scene similar to the one in the classic Hollywood film, The Sound of Music, where Captain von Trapp starts singing "Edelweiss," and Austrians, to the annoyance of the Nazi officers in the audience, join in. In reality, however, public opinion of the Anschluss was nowhere near that sort of opposition. Austrians, in general, were very much in favor of Anschluss. They saw it as being economically advantageous (even vital) for the country. When the Germans marched into cities like Salzburg, the Austrians greeted them with open arms, waving Nazi flags and holding up pictures of Hitler.

Devastating Effects of the Anschluss

On November 9-10, 1938, Nazi forces known as the Sturmabteilung (SA) smashed windows of synagogues, shops and other businesses owned by Jews, and even homes. The SA burned synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and the recently invaded Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.

Office of War Mobilization: From Wikipedia

Office of War Mobilization (OWM)- Federal agency headed by Former Supreme Court Justice James F. Byrnes that coordinated all government agencies involved in the war effort during World War II. This office took over from the earlier War Production Board to shift the country from a peacetime to a wartime economy, sometimes loaning smaller factories the money needed to convert to war production. Soon out-producing the Axis powers, U.S. manufacturers soon split their time between making consumer goods and war supplies. Unemployment, the scourge of ten years earlier, had all but vanished, as Americans went to work to fuel the war machine.

The policy of cash and carry…

…established at the onset of World War II in 1939 revised the Neutrality Acts that were established by US President Roosevelt in order to instill a sense of neutrality between the United States and the war that was raging in Europe. Previous policies forbade selling weapons or lending money to belligerent countries under any terms. The economic situation in the US was rebounding at this time (after the Great Depression) but there was still a need for industrial manufacturing jobs. The Cash and Carry program helped to solve this issue and in turn the US benefited through the sale of war supplies to their allies. This also helped in making sure that the US didn't give away all its supplies and rations. The program was aimed at preventing US intervention in the war. The program required the buyers to send their own ships to US ports to pick up the supplies - this neutralized the threat of US ships being sunk. The program also required all payments in cash currency, rather than on credit - this prevented US businesses from being invested in the success of any belligerent.

Despite its success, this policy soon left European allies (primarily Britain) bankrupt and this forced US leaders to revise the plan. The revised plan is known as the Lend-Lease program, in which the European allies no longer had to pay cash or arrange their own transportation. Instead, the United States would provide this for them and later payment was expected. In keeping with the Monroe doctrine the US didn't actively participate in the war until both Japan and Germany declared war on the US, after which they switched from allied assistance to active engagement.

Kristallnacht

The distrust of and violence against Jewish people was perhaps nowhere more evident or devastating as in Nazi Germany.

In 1933, the German government announced a one-day boycott of Jew-owned businesses. Also, Jewish children found themselves the targets of restrictions at school.

Things got worse for Jewish people, as suspicion and determination grew. Two years later, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship. They could live in Germany, but they could no longer enjoy the benefits of being citizens. In 1936, German Jews were told that they could no longer vote. Two years later, they were told that they had to carry identification cards, so everyone would know what religion they practiced.

But it didn't stop there. It eventually ended in the deaths of more than 6 million Jewish people. It got progressively worse, and it started in earnest on a cold day in October.

By 1938, Germany had absorbed Austria and a region of Central Europe called the Sudetenland. Germany had built itself a massive army, navy, and air force and was making no secret of its ambitions to use those weapons. Back home, the situation for Jewish people in Germany was even worse than it had been before. Jews were viewed with suspicions and, in many cases, outright disgust. German non-Jews blamed the Jews for many things, including Germany's defeat in World War I and the economic collapse that followed. Actions against Jewish people grew increasingly intense.

The intense violence began on October 28, 1938, when German police arrested 17,000 Jews originally from Poland and sent them back to Poland, without their belongings. Poland didn't want them, either, however, and so the people were put into a "relocation camp," along the border separating Poland and Germany.

In response to this, the German Chief of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, announced the beginning of a program to punish Jews severely. On November 9, mobs stormed throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland, attacking Jewish people in public, in their homes, and where they worked. They even attacked the places of worships, the synagogues.

The violence continued the next day. When it was done, nearly 100 Jews had been killed and hundreds had been hurt. More than 1,000 synagogues were burned. More than 7,000 Jew-owned businesses were destroyed. Most disturbingly, more than 30,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps.

Because of the attacks on businesses and the number of broken store and house windows, the first night of the attacks has come to be called Kristallnacht, "the Night of Broken Glass."

The Holocaust had begun.



Unit 8B: Depression, War, and Recovery Pages 768-773

Chapter 27: The Rise of Dictators and World War II

Section 3: War in the Pacific

(0) At the end of today, decide what of this section is most important for us to know about today, and tell me why.

Japan Expands Its Empire – Page 770

>(1) At the same time as Pearl Harbor, Japanese …

>(2) Japan pushed far into Southeast Asia and British forces were no match for the Japanese. For a while the fighting looked bad for the Allies, but…..

The Allies Turn the Tide at Midway – Page 771

>(3) In 1942 the Allies began …

>(4) In May, for the first time in history …

>(5) The turning point in the war in the Pacific was the (6) __________________________ where the U.S. Navy …

The Allies Advance – Page 772

>(6) After the Battle of Midway, in a strategy called (7) ______________________________, the Allies …

>(8) The Allies gained their first major land victory …

>(9) The Navajo Indians were important to these efforts because …

>(10) In October, 1944 …

>(11) The Japanese did use a new “weapon” – the kamikaze’s who …

Iwo Jima and Okinawa – Page 772

>(12) By 1945, the Allies began …

>(13) Another battle took place at Iwo Jima where …

Atomic Bombs End the War – Page 773

>(14) Japan continued to fight. and American military leaders feared …

>(15) The U.S. had been working on (16) ___________________________________ which was…

Truman told Japan if they did not surrender, they would face destruction.

>(17) On August 6th and 9th , 1945 …

>(18) Finally, Japan surrendered and met aboard the “Missouri” to …

|19/20. What would one good argument for dropping an atomic | |

|bomb on another country? Or…. What should the United States | |

|have done instead of dropping an atomic bomb on Japan? | |

21-25. From this section, what’s the most important thing that matters to you - or Americans – today – and why?

History of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)

from: Wikipedia

At the outset of the war, the Luftwaffe was one of the most modern, powerful, and experienced air forces in the world, dominating the skies over Europe with aircraft much more advanced than their foreign counterparts. The Luftwaffe was central to the German Blitzkrieg (lightning war) doctrine, as the close air support provided by various medium two-engine bombers, Stuka dive bombers and an overwhelming force of tactical fighters were key to several early successes. However, unlike the British and American Air Forces, the Luftwaffe never developed four-engine bombers in any significant numbers, and was thus unable to conduct an effective long-range strategic bombing campaign against either the Russians or the Western Allies.

In the summer and autumn of 1940, the Luftwaffe lost the Battle of Britain over the skies of England, the first all-air battle. Following the military failures on the Eastern Front, from 1942 onwards, the Luftwaffe went into a steady, gradual decline that saw it outnumbered and overwhelmed by the sheer number of Allied aircraft being deployed against it. Towards the end of the war, the Luftwaffe was no longer a major factor. There was also very little time to develop a new aircraft, and they could not be produced fast enough by the Germans, so the jet- and rocket-powered planes proved to be "too little too late".

The Atlantic Charter…

was a published statement agreed between the United Kingdom and the United States of America. It was intended as the blueprint for the world after World War II, and turned out to be the foundation for many of the international treaties and organizations that currently shape the world. The United Nations, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the post-war independence of British and French possessions, and much more is derived from the Atlantic Charter.

It was drafted at the Atlantic Conference (codenamed Riviera) by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, aboard warships in a secure anchorage in Ship Harbor, Newfoundland and was issued as a joint declaration on 14 August 1941. This statement was drafted and agreed while the British were fighting in World War II against Nazi Germany, however, initially there was no formal, legal document entitled "The Atlantic Charter". The term "Atlantic Charter" was coined by the Daily Herald, a London newspaper, after the joint declaration had been published. The United States did not enter the War until the Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Potentially, it would detail the goals and aims of the Allied powers concerning the war and the post-war world. The ideals expressed through the eight points of the Atlantic Charter were so popular that the Office of War Information printed 240,000 posters of it in 1943, which was OWI Poster No. 50. Additionally, it might also be seen as a "changing of the guard" from Britain to the United States as the world's leading power.

The Atlantic Charter established a vision for a post-World War II world, despite the fact that the United States had yet to enter the war. The participants hoped that the Soviet Union would adhere as well, after having been attacked by Nazi Germany in June 1941 in defiance of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

In brief, the eight points were:

1. No territorial gains were to be sought by the United States or the United Kingdom.

2. Territorial adjustments must be in accord with the wishes of the peoples concerned.

3. All peoples had a right to self-determination.

4. Trade barriers were to be lowered.

5. There was to be global economic cooperation and advancement of social welfare.

6. Freedom from want and fear.

7. Freedom of the seas.

8. Disarmament of aggressor nations, postwar common disarmament.

Point Four, with respect to international trade, consciously emphasized that both "victor [and] vanquished" would be given market access "on equal terms." This was a repudiation of the punitive trade relations that were established within Europe post-World War I, exemplified by the Paris Economy Pact.

(From: Wikipedia)

Unit 8B: Depression, War, and Recovery Pages 774-783

Chapter 27: The Rise of Dictators and World War II

Section 4: The Home Front

Section 5: The Legacy of the War

Before Reading:

(1) Page 774 / Main Idea: Americans at ___________ made great contributions to the Allied victory

(2) Page 780 / Why it matters now: As a result of WWII, the U.S. became the _______________

_________________ in the world.

Wartime Production – Page 774

>(3) The effort to defeat the Axis powers took things such as…

>(4) The war ended the Great Depression and jobs became…

>(5) Many American items became scarce and the government established …

>(6) To help pay for the war…

Opportunities for Women and Minorities – Page 775

>(7) During the war, women…

The country even promoted (8) _______________________________________ as a symbol of its women workers.

>(9) During WWII, minorities…

>(10) African Americans wanted better jobs, and FDR outlawed …

>(11) Two other minority groups who helped the war effort were …

>(12) In one example of prejudice and violence …

The Internment of Japanese Americans – Page 776

>(13) After Pearl Harbor, some Americans directed…

>(14) In what’s called the Japanese American (15) ________________________. Japanese Americans were determined to be a security threat and were…

>(16) About two thirds of those people were …

|17/18. America would never have internment camps today, | |

|but… | |

|The Patriot Act gave government a lot more power to keep | |

|track of what people are doing (good and bad people). Is | |

|that okay? Why? | |

The War’s Human Cost – Page 780

>(19) Numbers killed/wounded during WWII…

>(20) Civilians were also badly affected with…

>(21) The war also created many refugees, who…

Economic Winners and Losers – Page 781

>(22) The war left many economies in ruin except the U.S., because…

>(23) The United States helped…

Congress also approved (24) _________________________________________________ to give more than $13 billion to help Europe recover.

Changes in American Society – Page 781

>(25) One of the biggest things the U.S. had to deal with after WWII was…

The competition for jobs and education was great. The government passed a law called the (26) ___________________ that gave educational and economic help to veterans.

>(27) The return of soldiers also created a demand for

>(28) America had also changed because …

The Nuremberg Trials – Page 782

>(29) The U.S. and the world put together a court to…

>(30) The original 24 defendants were charged with…

These trials were called the (31) __________________________________________________________.

(32) These trials upheld the idea that:

Creation of the United Nations – Page 782

>(33) The war also helped establish the idea that nations must....

>(34) WWII showed the weakness of the League of Nations – partly because …

>(35) In April, 1945, 50 nations from around the world met to discuss…

This new peacekeeping body became known as the (36) _________________________.

International Tensions – Page 783

>(37) Even though many countries tried to work together, there were still problems, such as when…

>(38) The U.S. was more concerned with…

>(39) The biggest problem between the U.S. and the U.S.S. R. was that…

>(40) Finally, the war marked the beginning of…

|41/42. The U.S. has been lucky – not too many wars have | |

|actually been fought | |

|on American soil. | |

| | |

|If a war is fought here in the next 20 years, why do you | |

|think it would start? | |

The Yalta Conference, 1945

(from )

The Yalta Conference took place in a Russian resort town in the Crimea from February 4?11, 1945, during World War Two. At Yalta, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin made important decisions regarding the future progress of the war and the postwar world.

The Allied leaders came to Yalta knowing that an Allied victory in Europe was practically inevitable but less convinced that the Pacific war was nearing an end. Recognizing that a victory over Japan might require a protracted fight, the United States and Great Britain saw a major strategic advantage to Soviet participation in the Pacific theater. At Yalta, Roosevelt and Churchill discussed with Stalin the conditions under which the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan and all three agreed that, in exchange for potentially crucial Soviet participation in the Pacific theater, the Soviets would be granted a sphere of influence in Manchuria following Japan's surrender. This agreement was the major concrete accomplishment of the Yalta Conference.

The Allied leaders also discussed the future of Germany, Eastern Europe and the United Nations. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed not only to include France in the postwar governing of Germany, but also that Germany should assume some, but not all, responsibility for reparations following the war. The Americans and the British generally agreed that future governments of the Eastern European nations bordering the Soviet Union should be friendly to the Soviet regime while the Soviets pledged to allow free elections in all territories liberated from Nazi Germany. Negotiators also released a declaration on Poland, providing for the inclusion of Communists in the postwar national government. In discussions regarding the future of the United Nations, all parties agreed to an American plan concerning voting procedures in the Security Council, which had been expanded to five permanent members following the inclusion of France. Each of these permanent members was to hold a veto on decisions before the Security Council.

Initial reaction to the Yalta agreements was celebratory. Roosevelt and many other Americans viewed it as proof that the spirit of U.S.-Soviet wartime cooperation would carry over into the postwar period. This sentiment, however, was short lived. With the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 12, 1945, Harry S. Truman became the thirty-third president of the United States. By the end of April, the new administration clashed with the Soviets over their influence in Eastern Europe, and over the United Nations. Alarmed at the perceived lack of cooperation on the part of the Soviets, many Americans began to criticize Roosevelt’s handling of the Yalta negotiations. To this day, many of Roosevelt’s most vehement detractors accuse him of handing over Eastern Europe and Northeast Asia to the Soviet Union at Yalta despite the fact that the Soviets did make many substantial concessions.

Unit 8B: Depression, War, and Recovery Pages 789-794

Chapter 28: The Cold War and American Dream

Section 1: Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold War

Before Reading:

(1) Main Idea on 789: Americans looked for ___________ after WWII. They also fought _______________________

in the Cold War.

(2) The U.S. President during the Post WWII era was ___________________________ (picture – 791)

Adjusting to Peace – Page 789

>(3) After WWII ended, even though many veterans were looking for work, most factories…

>(4) Veterans got jobs before women and women later ….

The Postwar Economy – Page 790

>(5) The nation’s economy boomed and many people wanted things like…

>(6) This spending led to (7) ___________________________where …

>(8) There were many marriages, so new families needed …

(9) Inflation is: _____________________________________________________________________

Labor Unrest and Civil Rights – Page 790

>(10) Since during the war, Unions had agreed to give up pay raises and not go on strike, after the war…

>(11) President Truman was afraid these strikes would…

>(12) African Americans found…

>(13) President Truman was the first president to make (14) ___________________________ and civil rights an issue when he…

(15) Segregation is: ___________________________________________________________________

|16/17. To keep your job, your boss asks you (for the | |

|next year) to give up pay raises, not go on strike, and| |

|work an extra 4 hours a week. | |

| | |

|What do you do? | |

Origins of the Cold War – Page 792

>(18) After WWII, misunderstandings started between…

>(19) The most difficult issue was Eastern Europe, where…

>(20) President Truman believed Stalin wanted to…

>(21) The resulting (22) ____________________________ pitted…

(23) The Cold War was: _____________________________________________________________

Containing Communism Abroad – Page 793

>(24) Winston Churchill warned…

>(25) Truman also used the (26) ___________________________________, which promised to…

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization – called (27) ___________ - was formed to keep an eye on the Soviets. The Soviet Union and Eastern European nations formed their own group – called the (28) ____________________________ and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill said it was as if an (29) ____________________________________ had descended across the continent. These countries are also sometimes referred to as (30) _________________________ of the Soviet Union because they surround the USSR..

(31) Containment is: _______________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift – Page 793

>(32) The United States came up with the (33) _______________________ which would…

>(34)The Cold War almost turned hot again in Germany, when…

>(35) Stalin’s forces even blocked…

>(36) Truman responded by using the (37) ____________________________ to…

Fear of Communism at Home – Page 794

>(38) A growing number of Americans feared…

>(39) Two famous spy trials involved…

>(40) Truman ordered 3 million government workers to …

>(41) There was even a movie industry investigation for people with suspected communist ties where some people were put on (42) ____________________ and

(43) Blacklists are: __________________________________________________________________________

|44/45. If our government is creating a terrorist | |

|blacklist – and you’ve heard of someone who might be | |

|a terrorist, do you report them? | |

| |

| |

Communism is a social structure in which classes are abolished and property is commonly controlled, as well as a political philosophy and social movement that advocates and aims to create such a society.

Karl Marx posited that communism would be the final stage in society, which would be achieved through a proletarian revolution and only possible after a socialist stage develops the productive forces, leading to a superabundance of goods and services

"Pure communism" in the Marxian sense refers to a classless, stateless and oppression-free society where decisions on what to produce and what policies to pursue are made democratically, allowing every member of society to participate in the decision-making process in both the political and economic spheres of life. In modern usage, communism is often used to refer to the policies of the various communist states, which were authoritarian governments that had centrally planned economies and ownership of all the means of production. Most communist governments based their ideology on Marxism-Leninism.

As a political ideology, communism is usually considered to be a branch of socialism, a broad group of economic and political philosophies that draw on various political and intellectual movements with origins in the work of theorists of the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. Communism attempts to offer an alternative to the problems with the capitalist market economy and the legacy of imperialism and nationalism.

Marx states that the only way to solve these problems is for the working class (proletariat), who according to Marx are the main producers of wealth in society and are exploited by the Capitalist-class (bourgeoisie), to replace the bourgeoisie as the ruling class in order to establish a free society, without class or racial divisions. The dominant forms of communism, such as Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism and Trotskyism are based on Marxism, as well as other forms of communism (such as Luxemburgism and Council communism), but non-Marxist versions of communism (such as Christian communism and Anarchist communism) also exist.

Karl Marx never provided a detailed description as to how communism would function as an economic system, but it is understood that a communist economy would consist of common ownership of the means of production, culminating in the negation of the concept of private ownership of capital, which referred to the means of production in Marxian terminology

• Abolition of Private Property.

• Heavy Progressive Income Tax.

• Abolition of Rights of Inheritance.

• Confiscation of Property Rights.

• Central Bank.

• Government Ownership of Communication and Transportation.

• Government Ownership of Factories and Agriculture.

• Government Control of Labor.

• Corporate Farms and Regional Planning.

• Government Control of Education.

Communism - The Practical Results

The practical results of Communism have been horror and atrocity for those under communist rule. So much so, advocates of Marxism have made every attempt to point out where communist leaders have strayed from the fundamental teachings of Karl Marx, in an attempt to absolve Communism. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that Marxist influence brought about many of these horrors. The irony is, Marxism renounces religion, not because of religious doctrine, but because of the actions of "religious" men. No one could accuse a religion such as Christianity of evil doctrine. However, it seems that men are intrinsically evil and need only an opportunity to express this inherent reality. One must look at the overall outcome of a philosophical doctrine on society, both good and bad, not specific instances of abuse. Christianity, for example, has been used by wicked men to do much evil, but its underlying doctrine has been the cause of much good in the world. Communism, on the other hand, has brought only atrocity into the world. Communism has not brought relief to the majority as promised, nor has it ended oppression as purposed. Communism has only served to remove Morality from the masses -- a dangerous and costly experiment.

Kitchen Debates

From Wikipedia

The Kitchen Debate was a series of impromptu exchanges (through interpreters) between then U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow in 1959. For the exhibition, an entire house was built that the American exhibitors claimed anyone in America could afford. It was filled with labor-saving and recreational devices meant to represent the fruits of the capitalist American consumer market.

The Kitchen Debate was the first high-level meeting between Soviet and U.S. leaders since the Geneva Summit in 1955. As recounted by William Safire who was fortuitously present as the exhibitor's press agent, it took place in a number of locations at the exhibition but primarily in the kitchen of a suburban model house, cut in half so it could be viewed easily.

The two men discussed the merits of each of their respective economic systems, capitalism and communism. The debate took place during an escalation of the Cold War. Most Americans believed Nixon won the debate, adding to his domestic prestige. It was recorded on color videotape, a new technology pioneered in the U.S.; during the debate Nixon pointed this out as one of the many American technological advances. He also boasted achievements such as dishwashers, lawnmowers, supermarkets stocked full of groceries, Cadillac convertibles, makeup colors, lipstick, spike-heeled shoes, hi-fi sets, cake mixes, TV dinners, and Pepsi-Cola. It was Nixon’s emphasis on America’s household appliances, such as the dishwasher, that helped give the event its title, “The Kitchen Debate.”

Both men argued for their country’s industrial accomplishments, with Khrushchev stressing the Soviets’ focus on “things that matter” rather than luxury. He satirically asked if there was a machine that "puts food into the mouth and pushes it down". Nixon responded by saying at least the competition was technological, rather than military. In the end, both men agreed that the United States and the Soviet Union should be more open with each other. However, Khrushchev was skeptical of Nixon's promise that his part in the debate would be translated into English and broadcast in the U.S.

Television broadcast and American reaction

In the United States, three major television networks broadcast the kitchen debate on July 25. The Soviets subsequently protested, as Nixon and Khrushchev had agreed that the debate should be broadcast simultaneously in America and the Soviet Union, with the Soviets even threatening to withhold the tape until they were ready to broadcast. The American networks, however, had felt that waiting would cause the news to lose its immediacy. Two days later, on July 27, the debate was broadcast on Moscow television, albeit late at night and with Nixon’s remarks only partially translated.

American reaction was initially somewhat mixed, with the New York Times calling it “an exchange that emphasized the gulf between east and west but had little bearing on the substantive issue” and portrayed it somewhat as a political stunt. The newspaper also declared that public opinion seemed divided after the debates. On the other hand, Time Magazine, also covering the exhibition, praised Nixon, saying he “managed in a unique way to personify a national character proud of peaceful accomplishment, sure of its way of life, confident of its power under threat.”

In spite of the undiplomatic nature of the exchange, Nixon ultimately gained popularity after his trip to Moscow, after a generally lukewarm relationship with the public. The trip raised Nixon’s profile as a public statesman, greatly improving his chances for receiving the Republican presidential nomination the following year.

Unit 8B: Depression, War, and Recovery Pages 795-803

Chapter 28: The Cold War and American Dream

Section 2: The Korean War and McCarthyism

Section 3: The Fifties

Origins of the Korean War – Page 795

>(1) In 1949, the communists took control of China. Americans were shocked and saw this …

In 1945, North Korea (communist) was occupied by the (2)________________________________ and South Korea (non-communist) was supported by the (3)_____________________________________. The dividing line between these two sides was the (4) ______________________.

Fighting Breaks out in Korea – Page 796

>(5) In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea and the United States …

>(6) In the early fighting …

>(7) Then, the U.S. and General MacArthur pushed …

The Chinese warned them to stop right there.

China Enters the Conflict – Page 797

>(8) China saw this movement as a threat to their security. They did enter the war, and helped the North Koreans…

>(9) McArthur and Truman argued about …

>(10) After a disagreement, Truman eventually had to…

War Ends in Stalemate – Page 797

>(11) As war dragged on, it became more unpopular. When Truman decided not to run again for president, WWII hero Dwight ran and promised …

Eisenhower made a compromise to end the war. But he also warned privately he was ready to use (12)_____________ weapons and carry the war to China. A (13)___________ ended the war in 1953. The two Koreas were left where they had been at the start, with their dividing line at the 38th parallel. Communism had been (14)______________ in Korea.

(15/16) Korea can’t be the only place that communism was a threat to spread to. I predict another war right after this – one in Vietnam - is also fought “to stop the _______________________________________________________ “

McCarthy and Communism – Page 798

>(17) Joseph McCarthy used the threat of communism by …

The term (18) _________________________________________________ came to stand for reckless charges against (19) _____________________ citizens.

>(20) Many Americans were shocked by McCarthy and he eventually ….

Eisenhower and the Cold War – Page 798

>(21) With communism, Eisenhower was for a more…

>(22) In 1949, Americans learned the Soviet Union…

>(23) The two superpowers were soon locked in an (24) _______________________ to develop weapons which eventually led to both sides…

In 1957 the superpowers also began a (25) __________________ when The Soviet Union stunned the world by …

>(26)Eisenhower suggested easing tensions through face-to-face talks, but, a setback occurred…

(27) One way our war on terrorism today is similar to the cold war is: ______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________

The Domestic Scene in the Fifties – Page 800

>(28) In the 1950’s, early one in five Americans lived cities/poverty. But many people were heading for…

>(29) People most affected were…

>(30) Many Mexican immigrants …

>(31) Many Mexicans stayed …

Four things Eisenhower did as president (below)

(32).

(33).

(34).

Passed the (35) _______________________________________________________ of 1956 to build highways

Changes Sweep America – Page 800

>(36) This was also the time of the (37) _________________________, where Americans …

>(38) The baby boom also spurred the growth of suburbs as …

>(39) Americans also moved…

The American Dream in the Fifties – Page 801

>(40) For white Americans, life in the suburbs was…

>(41) Some people worried, but most Americans…

>(42) Women were praised for their roles as homemakers, but some…

>(43) By the mid-1950’s, the economy was…

Pop Culture and Rock and Roll – Page 802

>(44) In the 1950’s Hollywood cranked out movies, but more and more people stayed home to…

>(45) Teenagers fell for another form of entertainment – (46) _____________________________. Some of these starts were Bill Haley, Chuck berry, Little Richard, Fats Domino, and Jerry Lee Lewis. Of course “the King” of rock and roll was (47)___________________________.

>(48) In the mid 50’s there was a group of poets and writers known as (49) _________________________ who…

The Election of 1960 – Page 803

>(50) In the 1960 presidential election…

|86/87/88. What is the American Dream | |

|for you? |Family: |

| |Job: |

|What do you hope your life will be like|Home: |

|in 20 years (when you’re 37 or so)? |Lifestyle: |

| |Friends: |

| |Other: |

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