History of Periodic Table

[Pages:29]History of Periodic Table

1869: Dmitri Mendeleev organized the periodic table based on atomic weights

"Father of the Periodic Table"

1913: Henry Moseley rearranged the periodic table based on the positive charges in the nucleus

Lead to the periodic law: the states that a periodic pattern appears in the physical and chemical properties of the element when they are arranged in order of increasing atomic number

Discovering the Periodic Table

H Li Be

Ancient Times Midd. -1700 1735-1843 1843-1886

1894-1918 1923-1961 1965-

He B C N O F Ne

Na Mg

Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt

Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Periodic Trends

A pattern where elemental characteristics change predictably as you go across a period or down a group

You need to know the trends in: Metals v. Nonmetals Atomic Radius (Atomic Size) Ionization Energy Electronegativity Ion Formation

Groups of Elements

1A

1A Alkali metals

5A Nitrogen group

8A

H

1

1 2A Li Be

2

2A Alkali earth metals Transition metals

3A Boron group 4A Carbon group

6A Oxygen group 7A Halogens 8A Noble gases

Hydrogen

He 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 2 B C N O F Ne

34

Inner transition metals

Na Mg

3

11 12 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B

8B

5 6 7 8 9 10

Al Si P S Cl Ar 1B 2B 13 14 15 16 17 18

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

5

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Cs Ba

Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

6

*

55 56

72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Fr Ra

Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt

7

W

87 88

104 105 106 107 108 109

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

*

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

W

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Metals vs. Nonmetals

Mainly divided into metals and nonmetals Metals: On the left-hand side (left of stair-step line) Non-metals: On the upper right-hand side Metalloids: On the stair-step line

Metals and Nonmetals

H

He

1

1

2

Li Be

2

B C NNonmOetaFls Ne

34

5 6 7 8 9 10

Na Mg

3

Al Si P S Cl Ar

11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

METALS Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

5

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Cs Ba

Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

6

*

55 56

72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Fr Ra

Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt

7

W

87 88

104 105 106 107 108 109

Metalloids

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids

1

2

Nonmetals

3

4

5

Metals

6

7

Metalloids

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 349

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