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Chemistry Essentials

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? Exactly what you need to know about matter and energy

? The basics of chemical bonds ? How to balance chemical

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John T. Moore, EdD

Regents Professor of Chemistry, Stephen F. Austin State University

Chemistry Essentials

FOR

DUMmIES

by John T. Moore, EdD

Chemistry Essentials For Dummies?

Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774

Copyright ? 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2010925163

ISBN: 978-0-470-61836-3

Manufactured in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

About the Author

John T. Moore grew up in the foothills of Western North Carolina. He attended the University of North Carolina-Asheville where he received his bachelor's degree in chemistry. He earned his Master's degree in chemistry from Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina. After a stint in the United States Army, he decided to try his hand at teaching. In 1971, he joined the chemistry faculty of Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas where he still teaches chemistry. In 1985, he started back to school part time and in 1991 received his Doctorate in Education from Texas A&M University.

John's area of specialty is chemical education, especially at the pre-high school level. For the last several years, he has been the co-editor (along with one of his former students) of the Chemistry for Kids feature of The Journal of Chemical Education. He has authored Chemistry For Dummies and Chemistry Made Simple, and he's co-authored 5 Steps To A Five: AP Chemistry, Chemistry for the Utterly Confused, and Biochemistry For Dummies.

John lives in Nacogdoches, Texas with his wife Robin and their two dogs. He enjoys brewing his own beer and mead and creating custom knife handles from exotic woods. And he loves to cook. His two boys, Jason and Matt, remain in the mountains of North Carolina along with his twin grandbabies, Sadie and Zane.

Publisher's Acknowledgments

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Contents at a Glance

Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Matter and Energy: Exploring the Stuff of Chemistry ....... 5 Chapter 2: What's In an Atom? .............................................................. 17 Chapter 3: The Periodic Table............................................................... 35 Chapter 4: Nuclear Chemistry ............................................................... 43 Chapter 5: Ionic Bonding........................................................................ 55 Chapter 6: Covalent Bonding ................................................................. 69 Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions.............................................................. 87 Chapter 8: Electrochemistry: Using Electrons .................................. 111 Chapter 9: Measuring Substances with the Mole.............................. 125 Chapter 10: A Salute to Solutions........................................................ 135 Chapter 11: Acids and Bases................................................................ 145 Chapter 12: Clearing the Air on Gases................................................ 159 Chapter 13: Ten Serendipitous Discoveries in Chemistry ............... 171 Index........................................................................................................ 175

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

About This Book ........................................................................ 1 Conventions Used in This Book ............................................... 2 Foolish Assumptions ................................................................. 2 Icons Used in This Book............................................................ 3 Where to Go from Here ............................................................. 3

Chapter 1: Matter and Energy: Exploring the Stuff of Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Knowing the States of Matter and Their Changes ................. 6 Solids, liquids, and gases................................................ 6 Solids .......................................................................6 Liquids .................................................................... 7 Gases .......................................................................7 Condensing and freezing ................................................ 7 Melting and boiling.......................................................... 8 From solid to liquid............................................... 8 From liquid to gas.................................................. 9 Skipping liquids: Sublimation......................................... 9

Pure Substances and Mixtures............................................... 10 Pure substances............................................................. 10 Elements ............................................................... 10 Compounds .......................................................... 11 Throwing mixtures into the mix .................................. 11

Measuring Matter..................................................................... 12 Nice Properties You've Got There......................................... 13 Energy Types............................................................................ 14

Kinetic energy ................................................................ 14 Potential energy............................................................. 15 Temperature and Heat ............................................................ 15

Chapter 2: What's In an Atom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Subatomic Particles................................................................. 17 Centering on the Nucleus........................................................ 19 Locating Those Electrons ....................................................... 21

The quantum mechanical model ................................. 21 The principal quantum number n ..................... 22 The angular momentum quantum number l.... 23

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