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Overview personality theorist notesPersonalities?The unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a personType A vs. Type B?Type A?tend to feel a sense of time and pressureeasily angeredhigher risk for heart disease?Type B?tend to be relaxed and easygoing?some people are neitherPsychoanalytic (Freudian) Theory?Psychosexual Stage Theory of Personality?Phallic Stage?boys and girls notice their physical differences?girls develop penis envy (desire for a penis)boys get castration anxiety (fear of castration by fathers or for misbehavior)identificationwhen people emulate and attach themselves to an individual they believe threatens themprevents boys from fearing their fathersencourages boys to break away from attachment to mom and act like men??latency?sexual feelings are repressed out of conscious awarenessturn attention to other issues?fixation?results from being undergratified or overgratifiedoral fixation?overeat, chew gum, smoke?anal fixation due to traumatic toilet training?anal expulsive personality→ messy and disorganized??anal retentive→ meticulously neat and organized?phallic fixation?excessive sexual assurance and aggression orconsumed by their perceived sexual inadequaciesresult from the libido (psychic energy) getting stuck in one of the psychosexual stages??Unconscious vs. Conscious?Unconscious mind?we don’t have access to the thoughts in itwe use lots of psychic energy to keep threatening thoughts in it?Conscious mind?contains everything we are thinking about at any one moment?Preconscious mindcontains everything that we could potentially summon to conscious awareness with ease??The Personality?Consists of the id, ego, and superego??The id?contains instincts and psychic energyinstincts?Eros- the life instincts.??→ often evidences as a desire for sex→ directed by libidoThanatos- the death instincts→ seen in aggression?propelled by the pleasure principle?it wants immediate gratification?in the unconscious mind???The ego?located partly in the conscious, partly in the unconsciousfollows the reality principlenegotiates between the desires of the id and the limitations of the environment?acts as a mediator between superego and iduses defense mechanisms to protect the unconscious mind from the?threatening thoughts in the unconsciousThe superego?operates on both the conscious and unconscious levelsense of conscience about right and wrong??Defense Mechanisms?Repression?blocking thoughts out from conscious awareness?Denial?not accepting the ego-threatening truth?Displacement?redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object?Projectionbelieving that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself?Reaction formation?expressing the opposite of how one truly feels?Regression?returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior?Rationalization?coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence?Intellectualization?undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic?Sublimination?channeling one’s frustration toward a different goalviewed as particularly healthyCriticisms of Freud?Freudian theory?little empirical evidence supports it??proving it is impossibleoverestimates the importance of early childhood and of sexhas little predictive powerable to interpret both positive and negative reactions to the theory as????????????????????????????????????????? supportPsychodynamic TheoriesNeo-Freudian (Psychodynamic) Approaches?offshoots of Freud’s psychoanalytic theoryCarl JungAlfred Adler?Carl Jung?The unconscious has two parts:?collectivepersonal?Personal unconscious?contains complexesthe painful/threatening thoughts and memories that you don’t want to confront??Collective unconscious?passed down through the speciesexplains certain similarities between culturescontains archetypes?universal concepts we all share as part of the human speciesex. shadow represents the evil side of personality→ persona is people’s creation of a public imageevidence: fear of dark, importance of circle???Alfred Adler?Ego psychologist?downplayed the importance of the unconsciousfocused on the ego?People are motivated by:?inferiority?the fear of failure?superiority?the desire to achieve??Known for work on the importance of birth order in shaping personalityTrait Theories?Trait Theorists?Believe we can describe people’s personalities by specifying their main traits?these traits are stable and motivate behavior??Nomothetic ApproachBelief that the same basic set of traits can be used to describe all people’s personalities?Hans Eyesenckintroversion-extroversion and stable-unstable scale can fully describe personality??The big five personality traits?extraversionagreeableness?how easy to get along with?conscientiousness?high = hardworking, responsible, organized?openness to experienceemotional stability (neuroticism)?how consistent your mood is?????Factor AnalysisAllows researchers to use correlations between traits to see which traits cluster together as factorsExample:factor- conscientiousnesstraits- punctuality, diligence, neatnessstrongly correlate???Idiographic Theorists?Using the same set of terms to classify all people is impossiblePeople need to be seen in the few terms that best characterize them?Gordon Allport?Common traits are usefulbut a full understanding of someone is impossible without looking at their personal traits???Types of personal traits?cardinal dispositions?play a pivotal role in everything you do?central dispositionssecondary dispositions?less apparentdescribe less significant traits???Criticism of Trait Theories?Underestimate the importance of the situationBiological Theories?Heritability?A measure of the percentage of a trait that is inheritedLittle evidence exists for specific personality traits???Temperament?Emotional style and characteristic way of dealing with the worldInfants seem to differ immediately at birth?thought to be born with different temperaments?these influence personality development?????Behaviorist Theories?Principles?Personality is determined by the environment?reinforcement contingencies create personality?We can alter personalities by changing the environment?Criticism?Fail to recognize the importance of cognitionSocial- Cognitive Theories?Albert Bandura?Personality is created by an interaction between:?the person (traits)the environmentthe person’s behavior?This is based on triadic reciprocality (reciprocal determinism)?each of these three factors influence both of the other two in a constant loop like fashion?Also believed that personality is determined by self-efficacy?high = optimistic about their ability to get things donelow = feel a sense of powerlessnessaffects actions??George Kelly?Personal-Construct theory?in attempts to understand the world, people develop systems of personal constructsconsist of pairs of oppositesex. smart vs. dumbused to evaluate the world?behavior is determined by interpretation of the world??based on a fundamental postulate?which states that behavior is influenced by cognitions, and we can predict future behavior with past behavior??Locus of control?Julian Rotter??Internal locus of control?feel as if you are responsible for what happens to youcorrelated with higher health, political activity, and grades?External locus of control?believe that luck and other forces outside of your own control determine your destiny??Humanistic Theories?Determinism?The belief that what happens is dictated by what happened in the pastPsychoanalysts and behavioristsDoesn’t support the existence of free will?an individual’s ability to choose his own destinythird force?arose in opposition to determinism?central to humanistic psychology????Principles?People are innately goodPeople are able to determine their destinies with free willFocus on importance of self concept and self esteem?these have a positive correlation?Self concept?a person’s global feeling about himself??Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers?People are motivated to self-actualize?reach their full potential?Maslow?hierarchy of needs???Roger’s self theory???people need unconditional positive regard to self actualizeunconditional positive regard?blanket acceptance???Criticism of Humanistic Theories?Theory of human nature too optimisticAssessment Techniques?Projective Tests?Used by psychoanalystsInvolve asking people to interpret ambiguous stimuli?Rorschach inkblot test?involves showing people a series of inkblots and having them describe what they seethematic apperception test (TAT)?consists of cards with a picture of people in an ambiguous situationpeople are asked to describe what is happening in the cards??People’s interpretations should reflect their unconscious thoughtsScoring is complicated and unreliable?it relies on the therapist’s interpretations????Self-Report Inventories?Questionnaires that ask people to provide information about themselvesUsed by many types of psychologists, ex:?humanisticcognitive-behavioraltrait theorists?MMPI-Z?Minnesota multiphasic personality inventorywidely usedsome have “lie scales” built in??Radical Behaviorists?Observing behavior is the only way to measure personality?Reliability vs. Validity?Reliability?consistency?Validity?accuracy??Barnum Effect?People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personalityNamed after P.T. Barnum?circus owner“There’s a sucker born every minute.” ................
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