Global History and Geography Eleanor Ro



Global History and Geography Eleanor Roosevelt High School

Mr. Spear

Name: __________________________________________ Date: ______________________

Activity Guide 7

Unit 5: The Age of Imperialism (1800 – 1914)

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1. According to the map, what countries are included in Southeast Asia?

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AIM: What motivated western powers to colonize Southeast Asia?

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Reading 1

The Republic of Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia. Comprising 17,508 islands, it is the world's largest archipelagic state. With an estimated population of around 237 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority nation; however, no reference is made to Islam in the Indonesian constitution. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta.

The first Europeans arrived in Indonesia in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolize the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku. Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalized colony.

For most of the colonial period, Dutch control over these territories was tenuous; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries. The Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation during World War II ended Dutch rule, and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president. The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, and an armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognized Indonesian independence.

1. How do you think Islam, a religion that originated on the Arabian Peninsula, spread to Indonesia?

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2. Why did the Portuguese and Dutch colonize Indonesia?

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Reading 2

French Indochina was the part of the French colonial empire in southeast Asia, consisting of a federation of four provinces: Tonkin, Annam, Cambodia, Cochinchina. The capital of French Indochina was Hanoi.

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France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit father Alexandre de Rhodes. France was heavily involved in trade in Vietnam in the 19th century particularly in the extraction of rubber, which came from the bark of the native rubber tree. Protecting the work of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in the country was often presented as a justification. Vietnamese rulers viewed Catholic missionaries as a threat and began to expel them from the country.

In 1858, on orders from Napoleon III, to stop the persecution of missionaries and assure the unimpeded propagation of the faith, 14 French gunships, 3,000 men and 300 Filipino troops provided by the Spanish, invaded the rest of Indochina. Over the next century, wealthy French people established large rubber plantations in Cochinchina and employed impoverished Vietnamese peasants to do the work.

During World War II (1937 – 1945), the Japanese invaded Vietnam in order to obtain rubber for its war effort. France could not defend its colony because it had been conquered by Germany.

Once the Japanese had been defeated in the war by the United States, the French attempted to reclaim Indochina, but they were defeated by a powerful independence movement led by the Communist Ho Chi Minh in 1954.

1. What modern countries formerly made up French Indochina?

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2. What are two reasons that the French colonized Indochina?

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Reading 3

The Philippines is an island country located in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. The Philippines comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean. The Philippines is the world's 12th most populous country with a population of about 90 million people.

The name Philippines was derived from King Philip II of Spain in the 16th century. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos used the name Las Islas Filipinas (The Philippine Islands) in his honor. When the Spaniards arrived in the 16th century, the majority of the estimated 500,000 people in the islands lived in independent settlements.

In 1898, the United States declared war on Spain because it wanted control of Cuba, a Spanish colony 90 miles from Florida. Believing that Spain would send reinforcements from its base in the Philippines, the United States sent its Asiatic fleet to invade the islands.

After Spain’s defeat (the war only lasted three months) the United States granted the Philippines independence, but then quickly changed its mind. The Philippines, American leaders believed, would make an excellent recoaling station for the American fleet. The United States annexed the Philippines in 1899 and killed a million Filipinos in the war that followed. As with other Pacific islands, Japan invaded the Philippines during World War II.

1. Why did the United States annex the Philippines?

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2. Why do you think the Japanese invaded the Philippines during World War II?

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3. What other islands did the United States annex in 1898 and why?

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