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Environmental Science Midterm Study GuideUnit 1 (Intro to Environmental Science)The environment includes all _________________ & ______________________ things with which organisms interact.__________________ ___________________ is the study of how the natural world works, how our environment affects us and how we affect our environment while _____________________ is a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world.Label each of the following resources as renewable (R), non-renewable (NR), or either-way (EW). _____ Oil_____ Soil_____ Sun_____ Wave Energy_____ Coal_____ Copper_____ Fresh Water_____ Wind Energy_____ Natural Gas_____ Geothermal Energy_________________ _________________ are the collection of non-renewable energy sources such as oil, coal and natural gas that fueled the ____________________ revolution leading to exponential world population growth.An ecological footprint includes the land and water required to:Provide the raw materials that a population _____________________________________ of wasteIn general, the wealthier a country, the (larger or smaller) its ecological footprint.“The Tragedy of the Commons” refers to a situation in which a common resource is used _________________________ and eventually depleted. Resource _____________________ is one way to avoid this situation.Because scientific research often has to loop back on itself, it is not a ___________________ process.In order to make sure that studies are valid, they are often replicated at least ______ times and ____________ _______________ prior to publication. Environmental Science is influenced by both ________________ which is branch of philosophy that involves the study of behavior and ___________________ which is the ensemble of beliefs and values shared by a group of people. Match each part of a scientific experiment with the correct term._____ Hypothesis_____ Independent Variable_____ Dependent Variable_____ Controlled (Standardized) Variables_____ Control GroupThe one variable that the scientist manipulatesThe group that does not receive the experimental treatmentAn educated guessVariable being measured (It depends on the independent variable)Variables that are kept constantUnit 2 (Earth’s Environmental Systems)__________________ are the basic unit of matter. The nucleus is in the center of each atom and contains positively charged _____________ and neutrally charged ______________. Negatively charged ________________ move around the nucleus. ________________ (made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom) is essential for all living things. _________________ ________________ gives it special qualities including cohesion and resistance to temperature change.In a ___________________ feedback loop, the output of a system causes it to move towards an extreme and causes instability while in a __________________ feedback look, the output of a system causes the system to move in the opposite direction and leads to stability.Match each sphere of Earth with its correct definition._____ Geosphere_____ Lithosphere_____ Hydrosphere_____ Atmosphere_____ BiosphereEarth’s waterLayer of GasesRock at & below Earth’s surfaceLiving & once living parts of EarthHard rock at & just below Earth’s surfaceThe very thin outer layer of the geosphere is known as the _________________. The middle layer of the Earth that is composed of hot but mostly solid rock is known as the ______________. The crust and the very top layer of the mantle make up the lithosphere which is divided up into large chunks known as _________________ ______________. These plates move on the soft hot layer of the mantle known as the ____________________.The very middle of Earth is known as the __________________.97.5% of the water on Earth is ___________ ______________.Water moves into the atmosphere by ____________________ (the conversion of liquid to a gas) and ____________________ (the release of water vapor through plant leaves. Fill out the following chart concerning plate boundaries.Type of BoundaryMovement of PlatesPlates move away from each otherPlates Grind Past Each OtherPlates Move Towards Each OtherLandforms CreatedContinental & Continental:Continental & Oceanic:_________________ are underground reservoirs which hold ______________________ which is fresh water found underground.Carbon Dioxide is taken from the atmosphere by producers performing ____________________. The sugar produced during this process is then taken in by consumers and used for energy. Both consumers and produces undergo ___________________ ________________, a process used to release the chemical energy stored in the sugar. Most of the phosphorous on Earth is trapped in ____________________ and released when these are worn down by _____________ or ________________.Most of the nitrogen on Earth is found in the ____________________ as a gas but it is unusable in this form and must be “fixed” by __________________ or _________________ before it can be used.Fill in the chart about human impact on Earth’s cycles.Water CycleCarbon CyclePhosphorous CycleNitrogen CycleHuman Impacts1)2) Pollution leads to acid rain3)1)2)1) Overuse of Fertilizer2) Overuse of Detergent1)Unit 3 (Population Ecology)Put the following terms in order from most specific to broadest: Community, Population, Biosphere, Individual &Ecosystem________________________________________________________________________A ________________________ is members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time,_________________ factors have never been living while __________________ factors are living or have once been living.Label each of the following Abiotic (A) or Biotic (B).______ Sun______ Rocks______ Mushroom______ Grass______ Wind______ Water______ Snake______ Dead LogThe specific environment that an organism lives in is known as its ________________ while its ________________ includes not just its habitat but also its role in the environment. Which of the following has the highest population density?20,000 mice in 6 square miles3,000 mice in 3 square miles10, 000 mice in 5 square miles100 mice in 1 square milesAn advantage of having a high population density is being able to easily find a _______________ while several disadvantages include more _____________________, more ____________________ & higher _________________________________.Two advantages of having a low population density include more ________________ & ___________________ but a disadvantage in that it is harder to find a ______________.Draw a picture for each of the following population densities. Circle the one that is most common in nature.Random Uniform ClumpedWhen calculating population growth, the formula is:(_____________ + _________________) – (_________________ + ________________)Calculate the population growth rate if 200 individuals die, 300 are born, 400 immigrate and 100 emigrate. _________________. Is this population increasing or decreasing? ________________Determine if each of the following statements is characteristic of exponential growth (EG) or logistic growth (LG). ______ Increased by a fixed percent each year______ J shaped curve______ S shaped curve______ Usually lasts only a short period of time______ Limiting factors have caused a population to reach their carry capacityDensity-dependent factors are influenced by a population’s density and include things like ________________ & disease.Density-independent factors are limiting factors that are not affected by population density and include natural ________________.Unit 4 (Evolution & Community Ecology)Biological evolution can be defined as a change in a population’s ____________ ___________ over time.A gene is a sequence of ________ that codes for a particular ____________.The four major mechanisms of biological evolution are: _________________, ______________, ____________ _________ & ______________ __________________.Natural selection is the process by which traits that improve an organisms chance’s for ____________________ & ________________ are passed on more frequently than those that do not. __________________ describes an organism’s reproductive success and a heritable trait that increases an organism’s fitness is known as an _________________. With natural selection (survival of the fittest), the _______________ selects the individuals who are successful but with artificial selection ______________________ select desired traits in organisms. Most creationists believe in _____________________ which is known as small changes within a species or kind while evolutionists believe in _____________________ which describes major changes from one kind to another. When it comes to an organism’s tolerance, _____________________ have a very specific range while __________________ can live in a wide variety of places with a wide variety of resources.Two rams fighting over the same mate is an example of ____________________.A shark eating a seal is an example of ________________________.Label each of the following statements with one of the three types of symbiosis, Parasitism (P), Commensalism (C) or Mutualism (M).______ Both species benefit______ One species is harmed and the other benefits______ One species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.______ One example of this is a clown fish and an anemone______ One example of this is a turtle and barnacles______ Once example of this would be a tick and a deerProducers can either capture energy from the sun to perform ________________________ or energy from chemicals to perform ________________________.Consumers can either be ______________________ which are plant eaters, _________________ which are meat eaters, ____________________ which are combination eaters or ____________________ which break down nonliving organic material. Only about ______% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next because most of it is lost as ____________.If 20,000 calories exists at the producer level, how many calories are available at the secondary consumer level? ______________Which is more realistic, a food chain or a food web? ____________ _______________ on a food web point from prey to predator to show the flow of ________________. Sea otters are known as ________________ _____________ because their removal from their ecosystem would cause the whole thing to collapse. In ________________________ succession there are no traces of the original community left. ________________ are very successful pioneer species because they can break down rocks into soil. This type of succession typically takes _____________ years to begin. ___________________ succession is not as devastating because at least the soil is left from the previous community. This type of succession only takes ______________ years to begin. ____________________ aquatic succession occurs when an area once filled with water becomes a terrestrial environment. ______________________ aquatic succession occurs when an area fills with water for the first time.___________________ ___________________ are species that are exotic and have spread widely in their new community.True/False – All invasive species are harmful.Unit 5 (Biomes)Biomes are primarily described by their ______________ which includes average conditions such as temperature and precipitation and the _______________ & _______________ that live there. _______________ can be explained as the day-to-day conditions in an area, while ____________ is explained as the average conditions in an area.Similar biomes tend to be located on the Earth at similar __________________.In general, warm and wet biomes have the (highest/lowest) net primary production.In the tropical rain forest, the very tallest trees that push through are part of the _______________ layer. The next layer is a dense layer of tall trees and is known at the ___________________. Shorter trees and plants make up the __________________; plants that live here must compete for _______________.Match each term with its correct definition._____ Epiphytes_____ Estivation_____ Hibernation_____ Buttresses_____ Deciduous_____ Evergreen_____ Succulents_____ Nocturnal _____ Diurnal_____ PermafrostPlants that do not lose their leaves year-roundLarge above ground roots used for supportBeing active during the dayUnderground soil that is frozen year roundPlants whose tissue contains lots of waterPeriod of inactivity during dry or hot conditionsPeriod of inactivity during cold conditionsPlants that grow off of other plants instead of off of the groundPlants that lose their leaves annuallyBring active at nightAquatic ecosystems are primarily described by their __________________, depth and ________________ ___ ____________.Salinity is the amount of ___________ dissolved in water and it is measured in part per thousand (ppt). Fresh water has a salinity of ______________, brackish water has a salinity of _______________ & salt water has a salinity of _________________.3702273-495976Label the following diagram with the following terms: Benthic Zone, Limnetic Zone, Littoral Zone, Aphotic Zone and Photic Zone. A __________________ can be described as an area that is flooded all or part of the year. Marshes are characterized by ______________ plants, swamps are characterized by _________________ plants, and _____________ are characterized by floating mats of vegetation such as moss. Wetlands provide many benefits such as preventing _______________, recharging ________________ and providing _______________ for many plants and animals.An estuary is the area where a river flows into either the _____________ or a __________ __ __________.The first zone in the ocean is known as the __________________ zone. This zone is highly diverse and inhabitants must be able to withstand a wide range of conditions. The second zone is known at the __________________ zone and includes ecosystems such as kelp forest and coral reefs. The final zone is known as the __________ __________ zone and begins at the edge of the continental ____________.Unit 6 (Biodiversity)Biodiversity describes the variety of ______________ across all ecological levels. There are 3 main types of biodiversity. Genetic diversity includes the differences in ________ among individuals. _______________ diversity which is the most commonly used type of biodiversity is a measure of the variety of species in a given area. The broadest type of biodiversity is ___________________ diversity; this type of biodiversity includes the number of habitats in a given area. The more taxonomic levels two organisms share, the (more/less) closely related they are. There are more known species of ________________ than any other group on Earth.Even though scientists have identified _____ million species, many think that there are actually _____ - _____ million on Earth. They think this for the following three reasons: 1) Some areas of the Earth are ___________________ 2) Many are ____________ 3) Many are difficult to tell apart from ______________ _____________There are more species along the _____________ than anywhere else on Earth.Ecosystem services include the _______________________ of air and water, control of _________________ & ________________, & the ____________________ of waste.Biodiversity is beneficial to agriculture because ___________ __________ are often cross bred with related crops to transfer beneficial ________________. Many medicines are derived from plants including the cancer fighting drug _______________ from the yew tree.__________________ occurs when a species disappears completely from the Earth, while __________________ occurs when a species disappears from a particular area but still exists somewhere else on the Earth.It is worse to be on the (endangered/threatened) species list because they are closer to extinction.__________________ ____________ is the greatest cause of biodiversity loss. __________________, ________________ & ___________________ are the other three top causes.__________________ ___________________ occurs when suitable pieces of habitat are surrounded by unsuitable pieces. This has led a decline in the tiger population in Asia. The _____________________ ________________ Act is a US law that includes 3 parts. The first prevents the citizens and the government from harming ____________ ________________. The second part forbids the trade in ________________ made by listed species. The last requires the US Fish and Wildlife service to maintain an ____________________ list of endangered and threatened species and develop a plan for their _________________.________________ is an international treaty that prevents the trade of __________ ________ of endangered species. Match each conservation approach with its description.______ Captive Breeding______ Species Survival Plan______ Cloning______ Hotspot Approach______ Conservation Concession______ Debt-for-Nature Swap______ Wildlife Corridors Raising and breeding animals in a controlled environmentA conservation organization offers to pay off part of a nation’s international debt in exchange for improved conservation efforts. A program with the ultimate goal of reintroducing animals back into the wildUsing an organisms DNA to replicate itA pathway is built between habitat fragments to allow animals to move between themA conservation organization buys a portion of land to conserve instead of harvestFocusing on areas where the most species can be saved with the littlest effort. Unit 7 (Forestry)The goal of ______________________ is to make sure that resources are used only as fast as they can be naturally replaced.__________________ can be defined as wood from trees. Match each term with its description._______ Maximum Sustainable Yield_______ Seed-Tree/Shelter wood Approach_______ Clear-Cutting_______ Ecosystem Based Forest Management_______ Adaptive Forest Management_______ Selection SystemWhen using this harvesting method, only a few trees are cut down and it results in an uneven-aged standThe goal of this approach is to harvest the maximum amount of resources without reducing future yieldThis harvesting method requires cutting down all of the trees in an area and results in an even-aged stand.The goal of this approach is to gather data and customize a harvest plan for each particular situationThe goal of this approach is to harvest resources while minimizing the effect on the environmentThis harvesting method leaves a few trees in each location to provide either seeds or shelter for the forest and results in a relatively even-aged forestMost of the forest left on Earth are either __________________ forests or ___________________ _____________ forests. ___________________________ is different from timber harvesting because it converts forests into something different like farming. Deforestation add ______ to the atmosphere in two main ways. First, CO2 is released when the trees cut down are ________________or _________________. Second, there are less trees left to take in CO2 for _______________________ which means that there is more left in the atmosphere. An old growth forest is one that has never been _____________ before. There are very few of these left in the US because mass deforestation occurred initially during US expansion for _________________ and _____________________ and again during the __________________ revolution for fuel and buildings. The US National Forests were originally set aside to grow trees for ________________ and protect ____________________.Even though _____________________employees build roads and plan timber harvesting in the US National Forests, ___________________ timber companies harvest and profit from the timber. Due to the fact that people wanted the national forests to be multiple use forests, the ______________ ________________ ______________ ______ was passed and requires that each national forest have a renewable resource management plan. Most logging in the US is done on _______________ land and is performed on a _________________ which is a large planting of a single crop.________________ can be beneficial to some plants because some species only sprout when exposed to it.Fire ________________ can be dangerous because it allows fuel to accumulate and can lead to much larger, more dangerous fires. A _______________________ _______________ is when fire is purposely set and then controlled in order to reduce buildup and restore ecosystems.The goal of The __________________ _________________ _______________ __________ was to make forests less fire prone. It attempts to accomplish this by encouraging ________________ ________________ which is the removal of small trees, brush and snags from the forest floor. Some scientists think it is actually _________________ because it slows forest ____________.When wood products are made sustainably, they can be certified by an independent organization such as the _____________________ _______________ ______________. Even though certified wood costs ___________ to make, it is often produced because of buyer ________________. ................
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