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COMMUNICATION SEVERITY SCALE Date

ENGLISH ARTICULATION Student

PHONEME DEVELOPMENT

Age 2 – Uses CVCV and CVC syllables and recognizable words

Age 3 - /m /, / n /, / p /, / b /, / w /, / h / Age 6 - / l /, / ŋ /

Age 4 - /d /, / t /, / g /, / k /, / f /, / j / Age 7 - / r /, / θ /, / ð /, / v /, / s /, / z /, / ʃ /, / ʧ /, / ʤ /

Age 5 - / s /, / z /, / ʃ /, / ʧ /, / ʤ / - sounds emerging, but lingualization or lateralization may be present

Ronald Goldman and Macalyne Fristoe. (2000) Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-2, Circle Pines, MN;

Smit, A.B. , Hand, L., Freilinger, J.J., Bernthal, J.E., & Bird, A. (1990). The Iowa articulation norms project and it’s Nebraska replication. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 779-798.

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Definition: Systematic changes that affect entire phoneme classes or phoneme sequences. These changes are age appropriate up to the ages listed below.

|Ages |DELETIONS |

|2 |Initial Consonant Deletion |at/hat |

|3 |Final Consonant Deletion |no/noze |

|4 |Consonant Cluster Reduction |top/stop (deleting one or more) |

| |SUBSTITUTIONS |

|3 ½ - 5 |Stopping |ton/sun dus/juice |

|3 |Voicing/Devoicing |die/tie crip/crib |

|3 – 6 |Gliding |ju/shoe wef/leaf weed/read |

|4 – 5 |Fronting/Backing |dum/gum cop/top |

|5 – 6 |Affrication/Deaffrication |chew/shoe ship/chip |

| |ASSIMILATION |

|3 – 4 |Progressive |beb/bed dod/dog |

|3 – 4 |Regressive |lellow/yellow mim/swim |

|3 |Velar Assimilation |gog/dog |

|3 – 4 |Labial Assimilation |beb/bed babo/table |

|4 |Alveolar Assimilation |lellow/yellow dod/dog |

|3 |Nasal Assimilation |nani/candy |

| |OTHER (infrequent) |

|3 – 4 |Vocalization (vowelization) |bado/bottle |

|4 |Weak Syllable Deletion |tefone/telephone |

|7 |Transposition (Metathesis) |pasgetti/spaghetti |

|5 |Vowel Naturalization |use of schwa for all vowels |

|2 |CC Deletion |op/stop ma/mask |

|2 |Reduplication |wawa/water |

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