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COMMUNICATION SEVERITY SCALE Date
ENGLISH ARTICULATION Student
PHONEME DEVELOPMENT
Age 2 – Uses CVCV and CVC syllables and recognizable words
Age 3 - /m /, / n /, / p /, / b /, / w /, / h / Age 6 - / l /, / ŋ /
Age 4 - /d /, / t /, / g /, / k /, / f /, / j / Age 7 - / r /, / θ /, / ð /, / v /, / s /, / z /, / ʃ /, / ʧ /, / ʤ /
Age 5 - / s /, / z /, / ʃ /, / ʧ /, / ʤ / - sounds emerging, but lingualization or lateralization may be present
Ronald Goldman and Macalyne Fristoe. (2000) Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-2, Circle Pines, MN;
Smit, A.B. , Hand, L., Freilinger, J.J., Bernthal, J.E., & Bird, A. (1990). The Iowa articulation norms project and it’s Nebraska replication. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 779-798.
PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Definition: Systematic changes that affect entire phoneme classes or phoneme sequences. These changes are age appropriate up to the ages listed below.
|Ages |DELETIONS |
|2 |Initial Consonant Deletion |at/hat |
|3 |Final Consonant Deletion |no/noze |
|4 |Consonant Cluster Reduction |top/stop (deleting one or more) |
| |SUBSTITUTIONS |
|3 ½ - 5 |Stopping |ton/sun dus/juice |
|3 |Voicing/Devoicing |die/tie crip/crib |
|3 – 6 |Gliding |ju/shoe wef/leaf weed/read |
|4 – 5 |Fronting/Backing |dum/gum cop/top |
|5 – 6 |Affrication/Deaffrication |chew/shoe ship/chip |
| |ASSIMILATION |
|3 – 4 |Progressive |beb/bed dod/dog |
|3 – 4 |Regressive |lellow/yellow mim/swim |
|3 |Velar Assimilation |gog/dog |
|3 – 4 |Labial Assimilation |beb/bed babo/table |
|4 |Alveolar Assimilation |lellow/yellow dod/dog |
|3 |Nasal Assimilation |nani/candy |
| |OTHER (infrequent) |
|3 – 4 |Vocalization (vowelization) |bado/bottle |
|4 |Weak Syllable Deletion |tefone/telephone |
|7 |Transposition (Metathesis) |pasgetti/spaghetti |
|5 |Vowel Naturalization |use of schwa for all vowels |
|2 |CC Deletion |op/stop ma/mask |
|2 |Reduplication |wawa/water |
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