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BTEC CREATIVE MEDIAPEARSON (Edexcel)CAMERA OPERATIONINDUCTIONBTEC CREATIVE MEDIAFUNCTIONS MODESVIDEO LINK: CREATIVE MEDIAEXPOSURE controls the amount of light coming through a lens. By increasing the exposure, more light comes in and the picture appears brighter. Exposure settings are adjusted according to different location conditions. Shots can be over-exposed (too bright) or shots can be under-exposed (too dark).In order to fully understand exposure and how it is used to ensure shots are correctly lit, there are three main elements that need to be considered. These three elements make up the ‘exposure triangle’. Each of the three aspects of the triangle relate to light and how it enters and interacts with the camera. It is at the intersection of these three elements that an image’s exposure is worked out. The three elements are:ISO?– the measure of a digital camera sensor’s sensitivity to lightAperture?– the size of the opening which lets light in to the lens when a photo is takenShutter Speed?– the amount of time that the shutter is open to capture the photoMastering/juggling the art of exposure is something that takes a lot of practice. Keep in mind that changing each element not only impacts the exposure of the image, but also impacts upon other aspects:CHANGING APERTURE AFFECTS THE DEPTH OF FIELD OF A SHOTCHANGING ISO DICTATES THE GRAININESS OF A SHOTCHANGING SHUTTER SPEED IMPACTS HOW MOTION IS CAPTUREDVIDEO LINK: CREATIVE MEDIAPART 1FOCUSINFORMATIONfocusing-tips-for-beginners-ways-to-achieve-spot-on-focus-in-photography/Focus is the process of capturing your subject in a crisp, sharp image. Whether using manual focus or auto-focus controls on your camera, there is no fixing an out-of-focus photo (even using the very best software).Pick your point and focus on it. Having the wrong part of your composition in focus will not result in a good photograph. You must decide what’s in your frame that’s most important and focus on it.As you are composing your photo, be mindful of your?main subject.?Consider its depth. Is most of your subject the same distance from your camera? Or is some of it closer to you than other parts?Tip: If your subject has eyes, focus on them. If one eye is closer to your camera than the other, focus on the closest one. Subjects with eyes that are out of focus rarely look good in photos.MULTI/SINGLE POINT AUTO-FOCUS - PhotographyDigital cameras have various setting options for choosing your focus point. You can set your camera to either:a) Only focus on a single point b) Choose focus from multiple pointsSingle-point auto-focus is the preferred option for most photographers, as it allows you to be precise and in control of what to focus on (move point to the portion of frame you want to focus on). Having your camera set to multi-point auto-focus means your camera chooses what part of your composition to focus on, not you.MANUAL FOCUS - VideoAuto-focus is wonderful for photography, but does not adjust well to videography. When your lens struggles to find a focus point, it pays to switch over to manual, particularly if your subject is moving when filming. In low light, manual focus for video can often be faster and more precise than auto-focus. Sometimes you’ll need to track focus, at other times you’ll want to pre-focus and wait for your subject to enter the frame.VIDEO LINK: is the key to building confidence and being able to quickly get the shot you want. The following activities are designed to test your camera operation skills and build your media knowledge.TASK 1: PhotoDo not use a tripod for the photo exercises.Switch the camera onUsing the dial, select the manual shooting mode (M) – make sure your ISO is set to AUTOMake sure your lens is switched to Auto Focus (AF)Frame your subject in a close up (CU)Push the shoulder magnify + button and select a single point of focusLook through the lens and push the trigger button halfway down until you see a red dotAdjust your position until the red dot is on the subject’s faceTake the photo – repeat this process for the followingExtreme Long Shot (ELS)Long Shot (LS)Medium Long Shot (MLS)Mid Shot (MS)Medium Close-Up (MCU)Extreme Close-Shot (ECU)TASK 2: VideoMake sure you use a tripod for the video exercises.Switch the camera to video modeUsing the dial, select the manual shooting mode (M) – make sure your ISO is set to AUTOMake sure your lens is switched to Manual Focus (MF)Frame your subject (LS – MS – CU)Use the arrow buttons to move the magnifying frame over your subjectPush the zoom button twice to zoom into 10x and manually focus the cameraPush the zoom button once more to go back to your full viewRecord a 10 second clip for your subject walking – you must keep them in focus!BTEC CREATIVE MEDIAPART 2APERTUREINFORMATION is ‘the opening in the lens.’ When you hit the cameras shutter release button, a hole opens up that allows your cameras image sensor to catch a glimpse of the scene you’re capturing. The aperture you set impacts the size of that hole. The larger the hole = more light enters - The smaller the hole = less light enters.Aperture is measured in ‘F-STOPS’APERTURE - SHUTTER SPEED BALANCEMoving from one f-stop to the next doubles/halves the opening of your lens (amount of light in)Changing the shutter speed from one stop to the next ALSO doubles/halves the amount of light in.This means if you increase one and decrease the other you let the same amount of light in.Large apertures (lots of light) have small f/stop numbers - smaller apertures (less light) have larger numbers.APERTURE - DEPTH OF FIELDThe most noticeable result of changing your f/stop will be the depth of field that your shot will have. Depth of Field (DOF) is that amount of your shot that will be in focus. Large depth of field?means that most of your image will be in focus whether it’s close to your camera or far away, small (or shallow) depth of field means that only part of your image will be in focus and the rest will be fuzzy/out of focus.This landscape has an aperture of f/22, resulting in both the background (mountains) and the foreground (trees) to be in focus. The portrait has an aperture of f/1.7, resulting in just the facial features to be in focus.VIDEO LINK: is the key to building confidence and being able to quickly get the shot you want. The following activities are designed to test your camera operation skills and build your media knowledge.TASK 1: PhotoUsing a photography studio or a video green room:Place two random objects on a table (ideally with a white sheet on)Place one object in the foreground and one in the backgroundEnsure one object is slightly to the side, so that both objects are visible in a single frameIn order for this activity to work effectively, make sure you have plenty of light and use a 50mm lens.Using the dial, select the aperture shooting mode (Av)Adjust aperture f/stop to the lowest setting.Focus on the foreground object and take a photo.Raise aperture by 2 clicks and repeat for all 12 options below:(1.8 – 2.2 – 2.8 – 3.5 – 4.5 – 5.6 – 7.1 – 9.0 – 11 – 14 – 18 – 22)IMPORTANT: To ensure the exposure remains the same (not too dark/light) for every increase in aperture, you would decrease the shutter speed – the ‘Av’ shooting mode does this for you.TASK 2: VideoMake sure you use a tripod for the video exercises.For the aperture video task, you should complete a focus pull. This creative technique involves the operator adjusting the?focus?from one subject in the foreground, to another subject in the background during a shot. This technique works best with a shallow (narrow/small) depth of field, so keep your f/stop setting low.Set up a scene with a subject holding an object out in front of them. Film a 10 second focus pull.BTEC CREATIVE MEDIAPART 3SHUTTER SPEEDINFORMATION speed is ‘the amount of time that the shutter is open’. In digital photography and digital video, shutter speed is the length of time that your image sensor ‘sees’ the scene you’re attempting to capture.Shutter speed is measured in seconds?– or in most cases fractions of seconds. The bigger the denominator the faster the speed (i.e. 1/1000 is much faster than 1/30).When using a slow shutter speed (anything slower than 1/60) you will need to either use a tripod?or image stabilization (some cameras have built in stabilization) due to camera shake (blurry photo).Shutter speeds will usually double (approximately) with each setting. This ‘doubling’ is handy to know as aperture settings also double the amount of light that is let in – as a result increasing shutter speed by one stop and decreasing aperture by one stop should give you similar exposure levels.Always consider anything moving in your scene?and how to capture that movement. Choose to either freeze the movement (looks still) or let object intentionally blur (giving a sense of movement).Remember that thinking about Shutter Speed in isolation from the other two elements of the?Exposure Triangle?(aperture and ISO) is not a good idea. As you change shutter speed you’ll need to change one or both of the other elements to compensate for it and achieve a balance exposure.Seascape: 1/3 of a second to capture water movement. Subway Photo: 1 second to capture motion of train.VIDEO LINK: is the key to building confidence and being able to quickly get the shot you want. The following activities are designed to test your camera operation skills and build your media knowledge.TASK: PhotoFor this task (due to the repeated action and fast shutter speed) you must use a tripod.Find a large space and select a subject to model for youThey will need to perform an action that involves some movement, the more the betterThey must repeat this action quite a few times, so do not over compliment itUsing the dial, select the shutter speed shooting mode (Tv)Start low, take a photo, and increase the shutter speed by 1 click and repeat for all 10 options below:(1/2 – 1/4 – 1/8 – 1/15 – 1/30 – 1/60 – 1/125 – 1/250 – 1/500 – 1/1000)IMPORTANT: To ensure the exposure remains the same (not too dark/light) for every increase in shutter speed, you would decrease the aperture – the ‘Tv’ shooting mode does this for you.BTEC CREATIVE MEDIAPART 4ISOINFORMATION is the measuring of a digital camera sensor’s, and how sensitive it is to light.ISO IN VIDEO/MOVING IMAGEIn traditional (film) photography ISO was the indication of how sensitive a film was to light. It was measured in numbers (100, 200, 400, 800 etc.). The lower the number, the lower the sensitivity of the film is to the light and the finer the grain in the shots you’re taking. The higher the number the more grain/noise is created.ISO IN DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHYIn digital photography, ISO measures the sensitivity of the image sensor. The same principles apply as in film photography, with the lower the number the less sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the grain. ISO SETTINGS AND GRAINHigher numbers mean your sensor becomes more sensitive to light which allows you to use your camera in darker situations. The cost of doing so is more grain (although the more expensive the camera and lens are, the more able to you will be to use high ISO settings and still get very useable images.The image on the left is taken at 100 ISO and the one of the right at 3200 ISO.100 ISO is generally accepted as a ‘normal’ or ‘standard’ ISO and will give you lovely crisp shots (with little/no noise/grain). Some people keep their digital cameras in ‘Auto Mode’ where the camera selects the appropriate ISO setting depending upon the conditions, but this could result in lots of grain/noise… so stick to manual!VIDEO LINK: is the key to building confidence and being able to quickly get the shot you want. The following activities are designed to test your camera operation skills and build your media knowledge.TASK 1: PhotoFor this task (due to the repeated action) you must use a tripod.Select a very dimly lit setting/locationAvoid using any photographic lightingOpen your aperture to the lowest possible setting (allowing the largest amount of light inStart your ISO at 100 and take a pictureCycle through every ISO setting taking a picture at every change(100 – 200 – 400 – 800 – 1600 – 3200 – 6400 – 12800)IMPORTANT: You must ensure the exposure remains the same (not too dark/too light) so for every increase in ISO, decrease the aperture f/stop. By doing this, you let the same amount of light in.TASK 2: VideoMake sure you use a tripod for the video exercises.Switch the camera to video modeCompose a short conversation between two subjectsMake sure your lens is switched to Manual Focus (MF)Frame your subject (Close-up + Over the shoulder)Cycle through every ISO capturing a video at every change(100 - 200 – 400 – 800 – 1600 – 3200 - 6400 – 12800)Record a 10 second clip of the discussion – you must keep them in focus!IMPORTANT: You must ensure the exposure remains the same (not too dark/too light) so for every increase in ISO, decrease the aperture f/stop. By doing this, you let the same amount of light in.BTEC CREATIVE MEDIAPART 5FOCAL LENGTHINFORMATION Length – One of the most common uses for zoom lenses is to zoom in on objects that are far away.?While this flexibility?might seem tempting for getting close to awkward objects, there is another benefit of zoom lenses when taking portraits in front of a vast spread of scenery – background compression.The ‘rule’ of thumb is to choose a shutter speed with a denominator that is larger than the lens focal length. For example, a lens that is 50mm 1/60th is probably ok but if you have a 200mm lens you’ll shoot at 1/250.The following set of photos were taken using an 18-270mm zoom lens. After each shot, the lens is zoomed in and re-focussed, consistently framing the subject in a MCU. This first shot is captured at 18mm, showing a man with a large background. At 50mm, the scene appears more claustrophobic. Some elements along the side have disappeared, whilst some have been brought closer (particularly the distant stationary car). The foreground and background are being squeezed/compressed. At 154mm the vehicle in the background seems significantly closer and the trees are now filling almost the entire frame. It’s not just that things appear?closer, but that the distances between all the elements of the frame look much smaller as well.In the final shot (270mm), the background elements virtually dominate the frame and almost overpower the subject. The longer your focal length, the more you will be able to add this sense of compression between your foreground and your background. VIDEO LINK: is the key to building confidence and being able to quickly get the shot you want. The following activities are designed to test your camera operation skills and build your media knowledge.Do not use a tripod for the photo exercises.TASK: PhotoSelect a long location such as a corridor, path or street.Using the dial, select the manual shooting mode (M)Implement exposure triangle to display a balanced shot – Aperture + Shutter Speed + ISOFrame a subject in a medium close-upSet the focal length of the camera lens to the lowest possible setting and take a photoZoom in to the next possible setting using the 8 lens settings below:(18 – 28 – 35 – 50 – 80 – 135 – 200 – 300)Take a step back (because you zoomed in) and take the next photoYOU MUST COMPOSE THE SHOT IN EXACTLY THE SAME WAY (MCU)Repeat process as many times as your lens allows. Compare your results. ................
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