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Photosynthesis vs. Cellular RespirationNotes: Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other. They are the same reactions but occur in reverse.While in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water yield glucose and oxygen, in respiration, glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and parison ChartPhotosynthesisRespiration1. DefinitionPhotosynthesis is a two-phased anabolic reactions(taking small, simple molecules to synthesize larger, more complex molecules) reaction used by green plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy (carbohydrates synthesized from carbon dioxide and water) that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities.chlorophyll is built into the membranes of the thylakoids. Chlorophyll looks green because it absorbs red and blue light , making these colors unavailable to be seen by our eyes. It is the green light which is NOT absorbed that finally reaches our eyes, making chlorophyll appear green. However, it is the energy from the absorbed red and blue light that is able to be used to do photosynthesis..Cellular Respiration is the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste (water and carbon dioxide) products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process, as weak so-called "high-energy" bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products. Respiration is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy to fuel cellular activity.2. organelle process occurs in3. in which organism do reactions occur?3. photosynthesis occurs in plants, some protistas (green algae), and some bacteria (contain chlorophyl)Some bacteria are autotrophs, obtain carbon from carbon dioxide.Receive energy from the sun are photoautotrophs.Receive energy from inorganic compounds (hydrogen sulfide) are chemoautotrophs (chemiosynthesis)Some bacteria are autotrophs; these are bacteria that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide.? They receive their energy from different 3. cellular respiration occurs in ALL living organisms (organisms that ingest organic molecules)bacteria use fermentation or cellular respiration to convert energy from moleculesbacteria mostly use fermentation in an anaerobic environment4. main function4. Production of food, carbohydrates. Production of oxygen.4. Breakdown of food, carbohydrate, to release Energy5. equation5. 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 5. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)6. reactants6. starting materials – carbon dioxide, water, sunlight6. starting materials – carbohydrates, oxygen7. chemical reaction7. Carbon dioxide and water combine in presence of sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen.7. Glucose is broken down into water and carbon dioxide in the process converts ADP into ATP8. products8. carbohydrates (C6H12O6), oxygen (O2), 8. carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), energy (ATP)9. energy required or energyreleased9. Process of photosynthesis requires energy9. releases energy as ATP molecules(between 36 to 38 molecules)10. fate of O2 and CO210. CO2 is absorbed, O2 is released,10. O2 is absorbed, CO2 is released11. Energy CyclesADP – ATP Cycle12. stages stages in photosynthesis:A. light dependent reaction – reaction takes place in the presence of light. Purpose: the production of NADPH and ATP Reactants: sunlight, water, carbon dioxide Products: energy carrier NADPH and energy molecule ATP used in stage 2Light is captured by the chloroplasts and taken into the thylakoids, in stacks called grana.light dependent reaction takes place in the thylakoidspigments – light absorbing molecules found in thylakoidschlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs in the violet-blue wavelengths, but reflects in the green wavelengths. light independent reaction (dark reaction) Calvin cycle – energy is stored in organic molecules Purpose: storing energy in organic molecules (glucose) Reactants: 6 molecules of carbon dioxide, 6 5-carbon compounds Products: 12 3-carbon molecules called 3-PGAthis reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplastscarbon fixation – the joining of carbon dioxide with other organic moleculesEnergy in ATP and NADPH is transferred to the 3-PGA molecules to form G3P2 G3P molecules leave the Calvin cycle to be used for the production of carbohydrates (glucose) and other organic compoundsenzyme rubisco converts the other 10 3-PGA molecules to 5-carbon molecule to recombine with more carbon dioxide and continue in the Calvin cycle video: steps in cellular respirationA. step 1: glycolysis – anaerobic (no oxygen required) process, in which glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules Purpose: break down glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules Reactants: glucose Products: 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADPH molecules2 phosphate molecules are joined to glucose from 2 ATP (needed to start the reaction)6-carbon glucose is broken down into 2 3-carbon moleculesnet result of 2 ATP molecules and 2 pyruvate moleculestakes place in the cytoplasm. step 2: in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate molecules are transported to the mitochondrial matrix Krebs cycle, Citric acid cycle – occurs in the presence of oxygen Purpose: convert pyruvate molecules into ATP Reactant: oxygen, pyruvate molecules Product: 2 molecules ATPacetyl combines with 4 carbon compound to form 6-carbon compound known as citric acidcitric acid is broken down in a series of steps releasing 2 molecules of carbon dioxide, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 (electron carriers)acetyl CoA and citric acid is generated, the cycle continues (these steps are for one pyruvate molecule only, and so the cycle continues for the second pyruvate yield for krebs cycle is 6 carbon dioxide molecules, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH210 NADH and 2 FADH2 move on to the next stage of aerobic respiration 3: Electron transport chain – most of ATP is converted in this process Purpose: To convert energy (ATP) molecules Reactants: high energy electrons and hydrogen ions NADH and FADH2 Products: 29 – 32 ATP energy moleculesin the final steps, oxygen is the final electron acceptorprotons and electrons are transferredtakes place in the mitochondrial membranes (cristae)produces 32 ATP moleculesin eukaryotes, one molecule of glucose yields 36 ATP molecules at the end of cellular respiration2 Pathways for Cellular respiration1. Aerobic respiration 2. anaerobic respiration -requires the use of oxygen -does not require oxygen -occurs in most cells -occurs mostly in prokaryotes -high energy count (36-38 ATP molecules) -ATP count is about 36 -stages: glycolysis,Krebs cycle, -stages: glycolysis, Electron transport chain Electron transport chain -reactants: glucose, water -reactants: glucose, electron acceptor (not oxygen) -products: carbon dioxide, water, -products: carbon dioxide, ATP, ATP -fermentation: none -fermentation: ethanol (plants) lactic acid (animals) -sites of reactions: cytoplasm, -sites of reactions: cytoplasm, mitochondria youtube video: ................
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