Mc06se cFMsr i-vi - Weebly

[Pages:204]Modern Chemistry?

Study Guide

Copyright ? by Holt, Rinehart and Winston

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Teachers using MODERN CHEMISTRY may photocopy blackline masters in complete pages in sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale.

HOLT, MODERN CHEMISTRY, and the "Owl Design" are trademarks licensed to Holt, Rinehart and Winston, registered in the United States of America and/or other jurisdictions.

Printed in the United States of America

ISBN 0-03-036777-8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 170 07 06 05 04

Contents

1 Matter and Change Section 1 Chemistry Is a Physical Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Section 2 Matter and Its Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Section 3 Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Chapter 1 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 Measurements and Calculations Section 1 Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Section 2 Units of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Section 3 Using Scientific Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Chapter 2 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter Section 1 The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Section 2 The Structure of the Atom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Section 3 Counting Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Chapter 3 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms Section 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Section 2 The Quantum Model of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Section 3 Electron Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Chapter 4 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5 The Periodic Law Section 1 History of the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Section 2 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . 35 Section 3 Electron Configuration and Periodic Properties . . . . . . 37 Chapter 5 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

6 Chemical Bonding Section 1 Introduction to Chemical Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Section 2 Covalent Bonding and Molecular Compounds . . . . . . . . 43 Section 3 Ionic Bonding and Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Section 4 Metallic Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Section 5 Molecular Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Chapter 6 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

7 Chemical Formulas and Chemical Compounds Section 1 Chemical Names and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Section 2 Oxidation Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Section 3 Using Chemical Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Section 4 Determining Chemical Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Chapter 7 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Copyright ? by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Modern Chemistry

iii

Study Guide

8 Chemical Equations and Reactions Section 1 Describing Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Section 2 Types of Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Section 3 Activity Series of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Chapter 8 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

9 Stoichiometry Section 1 Introduction to Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Section 2 Ideal Stoichiometric Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Section 3 Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Chapter 9 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

10 States of Matter Section 1 Kinetic Theory of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Section 2 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Section 3 Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Section 4 Changes of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Section 5 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Chapter 10 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

11 Gases Section 1 Gases and Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Section 2 The Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Section 3 Gas Volumes and the Ideal Gas Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Section 4 Diffusion and Effusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Chapter 11 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

12 Solutions Section 1 Types of Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Section 2 The Solution Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Section 3 Concentration of Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Chapter 12 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

13 Ions in Aqueous Solutions and Colligative Properties Section 1 Compounds in Aqueous Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Section 2 Colligative Properties of Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Chapter 13 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

14 Acids and Bases Section 1 Properties of Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Section 2 Acid-Base Theories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Chapter 14 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

15 Acid-Base Titration and pH Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and the Concept of pH . . . . . . . . . . 125 Section 2 Determining pH and Titrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Chapter 15 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Copyright ? by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Modern Chemistry

iv

Study Guide

16 Reaction Energy Section 1 Thermochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Section 2 Driving Force of Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Chapter 16 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

17 Reaction Kinetics Section 1 The Reaction Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Section 2 Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Chapter 17 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

18 Chemical Equilibrium Section 1 The Nature of Chemical Equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Section 2 Shifting Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Section 3 Equilibria of Acids, Bases, and Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Section 4 Solubility Equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Chapter 18 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

19 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Section 3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Chapter 19 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

20 Electrochemistry Section 1 Introduction to Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Section 2 Voltaic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Section 3 Electrolytic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Chapter 20 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

21 Nuclear Chemistry Section 1 The Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Section 2 Radioactive Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Section 3 Nuclear Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Section 4 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Chapter 21 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

22 Organic Chemistry Section 1 Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Section 2 Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Section 3 Functional Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Section 4 Organic Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Chapter 22 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

23 Biological Chemistry Section 1 Carbohydrates and Lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Section 2 Amino Acids and Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Section 3 Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Section 4 Nucleic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Chapter 23 Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Copyright ? by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Modern Chemistry

v

Study Guide

Name

Date

Class

CHAPTER 1 REVIEW

Matter and Change

SECTION 1

SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.

1.

Technological development of a chemical product often

(a) lags behind basic research on the same substance. (b) does not involve chance discoveries. (c) is driven by curiosity. (d) is done for the sake of learning something new.

2.

The primary motivation behind basic research is to

(a) develop new products. (b) make money. (c) understand an environmental problem. (d) gain knowledge.

3.

Applied research is designed to

(a) solve a particular problem. (b) satisfy curiosity. (c) gain knowledge. (d) learn for the sake of learning.

4.

Chemistry is usually classified as

(a) a biological science. (b) a physical science. (c) a social science. (d) a computer science.

5. Define the six major branches of chemistry.

MODERN CHEMISTRY

Copyright ? by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

MATTER AND CHANGE 1

Name SECTION 1 continued

Date

Class

6. For each of the following types of chemical investigations, determine whether the investigation is basic research, applied research, or technological development. More than one choice may apply.

a. A laboratory in a major university surveys all the reactions involving bromine.

b. A pharmaceutical company explores a disease in order to produce a better medicine.

c. A scientist investigates the cause of the ozone hole to find a way to stop the loss of the ozone layer.

d. A pharmaceutical company discovers a more efficient method of producing a drug.

e. A chemical company develops a new biodegradable plastic.

f. A laboratory explores the use of ozone to inactivate bacteria in a drinking-water system.

7. Give examples of two different instruments routinely used in chemistry.

8. What are microstructures?

9. What is a chemical?

10. What is chemistry?

2 MATTER AND CHANGE

MODERN CHEMISTRY

Copyright ? by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download