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After exploring genres common to the field of occupational therapy through a preliminary genre analysis, I continued to analyze the language and genres of my field by discussing an argument relevant to occupational therapists. I gathered articles that analyze the relationship between occupational therapists and patients with chronic pain. Through my research, I found sources that discuss a general overview of occupational therapy and chronic pain (Robinson, Kennedy, and Harmon, 2011; Fisher et al., 2007), some that discuss different methods of rehabilitation for chronic pain patients (Paquette, 2008; Klinger and Spaulding, 2001; Veizi, Janata, and Chelimsky, 2012; Stanos, 2012), some that discuss patients’ needs for treatment (Mullersdorf and Soderback, 2002; Skjutar et al., 2010), and some that discuss how occupational therapy is used to treat chronic pain in children (Hafner, Truckenbrodt, and Spamer, 1998; Brown and Wallen, 2002). These articles helped me identify the various aspects of chronic pain dealt with in the field of occupational therapy. These articles helped me to understand the genre conventions that I need to learn in order to enter this field of occupational therapy that is completely new to me. Brown G, Wallen M. Functional Assessment Tools for Paediatric Clients with Juvenile Chronic Arthritis: An Update and Review for Occupational Therapists. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2012 Sep 25]; 9:23-34. CINAHL. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO. Available from: Document No.: 1103-8128.Brown and Margaret Wallen, occupational therapists at children’s hospitals, in their 2002 article, “Functional Assessment Tools for Paediatric Clients with Juvenile Chronic Arthritis: An Update and Review for Occupational Therapists,” declare that juvenile chronic arthritis is the most common rheumatic disease in children and it is imperative for occupational therapists to monitor the impact of this disease. They support this declaration by discussing the characteristics of seven functional assessment tools that can be used by occupational therapists to better meet the child’s needs. Their purpose is to discuss the impact of juvenile chronic arthritis on the functional development of pediatric clients and to report on measures that are available for occupational therapists to use. Their intended audience includes pediatric occupational therapists, and they target this audience by thoroughly outlining each functional assessment tool in a way that is easy for the reader to understand.Brown and Wallen’s article is relevant to my topic because they focus on chronic pain and occupational therapy. They state, “Responsible occupational therapy assessment and management of paediatric clients diagnosed with [juvenile chronic arthritis] requires the use of reliable, valid and sensitive measures of function,” which means that tools are available to assess the impact chronic pain has on a juvenile’s functional abilities (Brown and Wallen, 2002). They argue that it is imperative for occupational therapists to put those tools to use. This article relates to the article by Zoe and Christopher Eccleston since both discuss adolescent chronic pain.Fisher G, Emerson L, Firpo C, Ptak J, Wonn J, Bartolacci G. Chronic Pain and Occupation: An Exploration of the Lived Experience. American Journal of Occupational Therapy [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2012 Sep 25]; 61:290-302. CINAHL. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO. Available from: Document No.: 17569386.Grace Fisher, assistant professor, Linda Emerson, Camille Firpo, Jan Ptak, and Jennifer Wonn, occupational therapists, and Gwen Bartolacci, associate professor, in their 2007 article, “Chronic Pain and Occupation: An Exploration of the Lived Experience,” assert that chronic pain is a major health problem that affects occupational performance and suggest ways occupational therapists can help. They support this assertion through personal experiences of people who are dealing with chronic pain, such as one woman who uses a seat cushion and wheelchair when needed. Their purpose is to explore the lived experiences of people who have chronic pain. Their intended audience includes occupational therapists, and they target this audience by addressing occupational therapists directly and telling them what they should do.Fisher et al.’s article is relevant to my topic because they discuss the relationship between chronic pain and occupation and how occupational therapists can help. The authors state, “We believe that occupational therapists can help people with chronic pain in definitive ways…,” which means that occupational therapy can and should be improved when it comes to chronic pain (Fisher et al., 2007). They suggest that occupational therapists place more emphasis on listening carefully when providing services to people with chronic pain. This article relates to Robinson, Kennedy, and Harmon’s article in the way that they both give a general overview of chronic pain and occupational therapy, except that Fisher et al. provide real-life experiences from patients. Both articles also discuss how occupational therapy for the chronic patient can be improved.Hafner R, Truckenbrodt H, Spamer M. Rehabilitation in children with juvenile chronic arthritis. Bailliere’s Clinical Rheumatology [Internet]. 1998 [cited 2012 Sep 26]; 12(2):329-61. MEDLINE. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO. Available from: Document No.: 9890101.Renate Hafner, Doctor of Pediatrics, Hans Truckenbrodt, Professor of Pediatrics, and Marianne Spamer, Head Physiotherapist, in their 1998 article, “Rehabilitation in children with juvenile chronic arthritis,” assert that rehabilitation must start early to restore loss functions and prevent permanent handicap. They support this assertion through examples of what can happen to a child who does not receive adequate occupational therapy. Their purpose is to show that different aspects of rehabilitation throughout childhood work together to improve physical function. Their intended audience is the team of therapists, including occupational therapists, that work with children and adolescents who have chronic pain. They target this audience through the use of pictures of children with different areas of pain and by presenting numerous treatment options.Hafner, Truckenbrodt, and Spamer’s article is relevant to my topic because they focus on treatment opportunities, such as occupational therapy, for patients with chronic pain. The article states, “All of these principles must be integrated and adapted to the child’s developmental status and its present psychosocial situation” (Hafner, Truckenbrodt, and Spamer, 1998). Basically, the various forms of treatment must work together to be effective on children of all ages, which includes integration of treatment into the child’s environment. This article relates to Brown and Wallen’s article in the sense that both focus on children with chronic pain and how occupational therapists respond.Klinger L, Spaulding S. Occupational Therapy Treatment of Chronic Pain and Use of Assistive Devices in Older Adults. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012 Sep 26]; 16(3):34-44. CINAHL. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO. Available from: Document No.: 0882-7524.L. Klinger, instructor at the School of Occupational Therapy, and Sandi Spaulding, associate professor at the School of Occupational Therapy, in their 2001 article, “Occupational Therapy Treatment of Chronic Pain and Use of Assistive Devices in Older Adults,” proclaim that prescription of assistive devices is an important aspect of occupational therapy to increase participation in everyday activity. They support this proclamation through a small study of thirty older patients with chronic pain that shows the benefits of their assistive devices. Their purpose is to show that with the proper assistive devices prescribed by occupational therapists, older adults with chronic pain will find daily activities to be manageable. The intended audience is occupational therapists who specialize in geriatrics, and the authors target this audience through precise statistics and a table on the number of patients owning and using selected assistive devices.Klinger and Spaulding’s article is relevant to my topic because it discusses how occupational therapy, along with assistive devices, provides treatment of chronic pain in older adults. They state, “Occupational therapy treatment can enable older individuals with chronic pain to experience occupational performance with less pain and to have enhanced activity tolerance and greater energy for valued pursuits,” which means that occupational therapists, with their power to treat chronic pain and prescribe assistive devices, can improve the quality of life for the older person with chronic pain (Klinger and Spaulding, 2001). This article relates to Stanos’ article in the sense that both discuss a specific way to manage chronic pain: Klinger and Spaulding focus on assistive devices, whereas Stanos focuses on interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs.Mullersdorf M, Soderback I. Occupational therapists’ assessments of adults with long-term pain: The Swedish experience. Occupational Therapy International [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2012 Sep 25]; 9(1):1-23. CINAHL. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO. Available from: Document No.: 12375005.Maria Mullersdorf and Ingrid Soderback, professionals in the Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences at the University of Uppsala, in their 2002 article, “Occupational therapists’ assessments of adults with long-term pain: The Swedish experience,” proclaim that patients should seek intervention if they display one of the five needs: patient education, limitations in activity performance, patient discouragement, patient dependency, and work-related needs. They support this finding through the results of 113 patients with chronic pain who underwent occupational therapy, in which there was a positive correlation between the assessed needs and the interventions. The authors’ purpose is to assist in developing guidelines for occupational therapists based on a patient’s needs. Their intended audience includes practitioners working in occupational therapy pain management programs. They target this audience by providing numerous statistics, and listing all of the suggested treatment interventions and goals for future use by occupational therapists. Mullersdorf and Soderback’s article is relevant to my topic because it focuses on finding the right treatment for patients with chronic pain with the aid of an occupational therapist. The article states, “The results of this study support the recommendation of needs assessment as a starting point for occupational therapy interventions,” which means that a patient’s needs should be taken into consideration when deciding which treatment is best (Mullersdorf and Soderback, 2002). This article relates to Skjutar et al.’s discussion of patients’ needs; however, the latter differs in that it focuses on defining what those needs are rather than finding interventions for them.Paquette S. Return to work with chronic low back pain: Using an evidence-based approach along with the occupational therapy framework. Work [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2012 Sep 26]; 31(1):63-71. CINAHL. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO. Available from: Document No.: 18820421.Sonia Paquette, assistant professor at Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, in her 2008 article, “Return to work with chronic low back pain: Using an evidence-based approach along with the occupational therapy framework,” asserts that the role of occupational therapists working with people who have chronic low back pain (CLBP) is to help them recover enough so that they can return to work. She supports this assertion by providing numerous examples in which occupational therapists can potentially improve the quality of life for someone who has chronic pain. Her purpose is to evaluate people with chronic low back pain who underwent occupational therapy, and to report on the outcomes. Her intended audience includes occupational therapists, and she targets this audience by capitalizing specific action words, such as “prevent disability,” “modify,” and “restore.” She also presents tables with information on the occupational therapy framework and the reliability and validity of tools.Paquette’s article is relevant to my topic because it focuses on the framework of occupational therapy for people with a form of chronic pain. She states, “…occupational therapy interventions can not only assist clients with CLBP increase their participation in life activities…, but [make] sure it has an added benefit in their overall health and quality of life,” which means that occupational therapists, with their expert treatment methods, are basically the key to a better life for patients living with CLBP (Paquette, 2008). This article relates to Stanos’ article in the sense that they both discuss various rehabilitation techniques, except that Stanos focuses on an interdisciplinary team, whereas Paquette focuses only on occupational therapists.Robinson K, Kennedy N, Harmon D. Review of occupational therapy for people with chronic pain. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2012 Sep 9]; 58:74-81. CINAHL. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO. Available from: Document No.: 21418229.Katie Robinson, a worker in the Department of Occupational Therapy at the University of Limerick, Norelee Kennedy, a worker in the Department of Physiotherapy at the University of Limerick, and Dominic Harmon, a worker in the Department of Pain Medicine at the University of Limerick, in their 2011 article, “Review of occupational therapy for people with chronic pain,” proclaim that there are three factors that shape occupational therapy, which include the biopsychosocial model, occupational therapy philosophy, and the social construction of people with chronic pain. They support this proclamation by discussing four different “layers” of approach: the litany layer, the social causes layer, the worldview layer, and the myth and metaphor layer. Their purpose is to critically analyze occupational therapy services for people with chronic pain and identify the factors that influence its development. Their intended audience is occupational therapists interested in the future development of occupational therapy. They target this audience by providing an easy-to-read chart that describes each layer.Robinson, Kennedy, and Harmon’s article is relevant to my topic because it focuses on occupational therapy for people with chronic pain. They write, “This analysis aims to deconstruct contemporary occupational therapy philosophy and practice and therefore provide new perspectives on our current understanding of occupational therapy for people with chronic pain,” which means that future development of occupational therapy is crucial to providing effective services to people with chronic pain (Robinson, Kennedy, and Harmon, 2011). This article relates to Fisher et al.’s article in the sense that both give a general overview of the practice of occupational therapy and discuss how it can be improved.Skjutar A, Schult M, Christensson K, Müllersdorf M. Indicators of need for occupational therapy in patients with chronic pain: occupational therapists’ focus groups. Occupational Therapy International [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2012 Sep 9]; 17(2):93-103. CINAHL. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO. Available from: Document No.: 19653210.Asa Skjutar et al., a PhD student, in their 2010 article, “Indicators of need for occupational therapy in patients with chronic pain: occupational therapists’ focus groups,” assert that there are different indicators for occupational therapy interventions among patients with chronic pain. They support this assertion by conducting a study on chronic pain patients and listing their five subthemes of need, which includes occupational imbalance and emotional stress due to pain. Their purpose is to point out that each occupational therapist has a different perception of what indicates a need for rehabilitation, and that all indicators should be taken into consideration. The intended audience includes occupational therapists working with patients with chronic pain, and they target this audience by outlining every step of the experiment and using tables and charts.Skjutar et al.’s article is relevant to my topic because it focuses on occupational therapists and the needs of chronic pain patients. The article states, “Indicators that point towards the need for occupational therapy could help patients receive the right type of interventions and thereby contribute to valid assessments of patients,” which means that a patient’s needs point to what type of service he or she requires, so understanding what defines those needs is important. (Skjutar et al., 2010). This article relates to Mullersdorf and Soderback’s claim that patients should seek interventions based on specific needs.Stanos S. Focused review of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs for chronic pain management. Current Pain and Headache Reports [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2012 Sep 9]; 16(2):147-52. MEDLINE. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO. Available from: Document No.: 22427179.Steven Stanos, a doctor in osteopathic medicine, in his 2012 report, “Focused review of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs for chronic pain management,” asserts that interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs (IPRPs) are meant to treat complex chronic pain conditions. He supports this assertion by focusing on the programs’ desirable features and discussing how successful the programs were in four different outpatient facilities. His purpose is to persuade other facilities to adapt these programs and make them widely available. His intended audience is doctors who have their own practice and who are interested in trying new approaches. He targets this audience by citing scholarly resources, such as the American Pain Society, to back up his claims, and uses familiar medical terminology.Stanos’ article is relevant to my topic because he discusses how occupational therapists, along with others, use rehabilitation programs with patients with chronic pain. He states, “interdisciplinary, as a treatment model, includes multiple disciplines working together, usually in one facility, to facilitate communication and goal setting and to improve outcomes,” which means that when multiple disciplines work together, there is more success and improvement (Stanos, 2012). This article relates to Veizi, Chelimsky, and Janata’s assertion that interdisciplinary programs are the best way to treat chronic pain. Veizi I, Chelimsky T, Janata J. Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome: What SpecializedRehabilitation Services Do Patients Require?. Current Pain and Headache Reports [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2012 Sep 26]; 16:139-146. CINAHL. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO. Available from: Document No.: 22415615.I. Veizi and Jeffery Janata, professionals in the Department of Psychiatry and Anesthesiology at University Hospitals Case Medical Center, and Thomas Chelimsky, a professional in the Department of Neurology at the Medical College of Wisconsin, in their 2012 article, “Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome: What Specialized Rehabilitation Services Do Patients Require?,” affirm that chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS) requires interdisciplinary treatment that combines medical, interventional, psychological, and rehabilitation services from physical and occupational therapists. They support this affirmation by referencing past studies done by professionals that demonstrate the benefits of treatment on CRPS. Their purpose is to report on the medical approaches found to be effective, and trends in rehabilitation. The intended audience includes both occupational therapists and physical therapists, and they target this audience by providing reliable sources, such as the International Association for the Study of Pain, and by discussing several rehabilitation strategies and approaches in a way that is easily understood by physical and occupational therapists.Veizi, Chelimsky, and Janata’s article is relevant to my topic because they focus on specialized treatment from occupational therapists for patients with a form of chronic pain. They state that there is “…strategic importance of a central role for physical and occupational therapies in the amelioration of CRPS symptoms and the resumption of patient function,” which means that physical and occupational therapists know how to collaborate in order to employ the right strategies that promise enhanced patient function in people with CRPS (Veizi, Chelimsky, and Janata, 2012). This article relates to Stanos’ assertion that interdisciplinary treatment programs are effective in treating chronic pain. This article also relates to Klinger and Spaulding’s article, which focuses on specialized mechanisms of treatment for chronic pain. ................
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