Fundamental Physics

Fundamental

Physics

for O Level

Teaching Guide

Ian Collins

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Contents

Introduction1

Demonstrations

Friction.......................................................................2 Circular motion..........................................................2 Circular motion: centripetal acceleration.................3 Inertia.........................................................................3 Atmospheric pressure................................................4 Heat transfer: conduction..........................................4 Heat transfer: convection..........................................5 Absorption of heat.....................................................6 Phase changes............................................................7 The effect of pressure on the boiling point of water

...............................................................................8 Thermal expansion....................................................8 Molecular structure of solids, liquids, and gases...10 Brownian motion.....................................................10 Sound propagation in a vacuum.............................11 Reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection

.............................................................................12 Induced magnetism.................................................13 Water is a polar molecule........................................14 Van de Graaff generator..........................................14 Rectification.............................................................16 Cathode rays.............................................................17

Investigations

Investigating vector addition...................................18 Investigating the speed and acceleration of a

bicycle rider...........................................................19 Investigating the factors in parachute design........21 Investigating the effectiveness of several lubricants

in overcoming friction..........................................22 Investigating centripetal force in circular motion

...............................................................................23 Investigating inertia in an object............................24 Investigating the density of regular shaped objects

...............................................................................25 Investigating the centre of mass of cards of

different shapes.....................................................27 Investigating the relationship between centre of

mass and stability of a three-dimensional object ...............................................................................28

Investigating the effect of material on elasticity .............................................................................29

Investigating hydraulic pressure in a hydraulic press.......................................................................30

Investigating human power.....................................31 Investigating the effectiveness of air as an insulator

.............................................................................33 Investigating the insulating properties of various

materials................................................................34 Investigating the effect of salt concentration on the

melting point of ice...............................................35 Investigating the effect of temperature on the rate

of diffusion ...........................................................36 Investigating rates and effects of evaporation........37 Investigating the cooling effects of different brands

of aftershave..........................................................38 Investigating the images produced by a converging

lens.........................................................................39 Investigating the relationship between age and

short sight/long sight............................................41 Investigating the magnetic lines of force in a

straight wire carrying a current...........................42 Investigating hard and soft magnetic materials ....43 Investigating the production of electrostatic charge

by friction..............................................................44 Investigating the effect of the length of a wire on its

resistance...............................................................45 Investigating the effect of temperature on the

resistance of a thermistor.....................................46

Practical exercises

Metric ice breaker....................................................48 Vernier calipers........................................................50 Density of irregular shaped objects........................51 Estimating and `guesstimating'...............................52 Investigating motion using a ticker-tape timer......53 Acceleration of a trolley using a ticker-tape timer

.............................................................................55 The principle of moments.......................................56 Hooke's law experiment...........................................57 Hydrostatic pressure................................................59 Properties of water...................................................60 Determining absolute zero......................................61

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Transfer of heat by radiation...................................62 Keeping hot drinks hot............................................63 Specific heat capacity of water................................64 Latent heat of water.................................................65 The biconvex lens.....................................................66 Building an electroscope.........................................67 Which materials conduct electricity?.....................68 I-V characteristics of electrical components..........69 Wiring a plug............................................................70 Ohm's law.................................................................72 Magnetic fields of permanent magnets...................73 Building an electric motor.......................................74 Logic gates................................................................75 Radioactive decay....................................................76

Alternative-to-Practical exercises

Kinematics and dynamics ......................................77 Turning effect of force.............................................82 Pressure....................................................................85 Work, energy, and power ........................................90 Kinetic model of matter...........................................95 Light........................................................................100 Waves and sound....................................................106 Electromagnetic waves..........................................110 Electricity and electromagnetism.........................112 Electronics..............................................................116

Worksheets

Physical quantities and measurement..................120 Speed and linear motion.......................................121 Circular motion and friction.................................123 Mass, weight, and density.....................................124 Turning forces........................................................126 Pressure..................................................................128 Energy I..................................................................130 Energy II.................................................................132 Temperature...........................................................134 Matter and heat......................................................136 Kinetic model of matter.........................................138 Waves......................................................................140 Light........................................................................142 Electromagnetic waves..........................................145

Sound waves...........................................................147 Magnets and electricity..........................................149 Static electricity.....................................................151 Current electricity..................................................154 Using electricity.....................................................156 Electromagnetism..................................................158 Electromagnetic induction....................................160 Introduction to electronics....................................162 Electronic systems.................................................164 Radioactivity..........................................................167 The atom.................................................................169

Assessments

Physical quantities and measurement..................171 Kinematics ............................................................174 Dynamics................................................................178 Mass, weight, and density.....................................181 Turning forces........................................................183 Pressure..................................................................185 Energy I..................................................................188 Energy II.................................................................190 Temperature...........................................................193 Heat and its effects.................................................195 Kinetic model of matter.........................................198 Waves......................................................................201 Light........................................................................204 Electromagnetic waves..........................................206 Sound......................................................................209 Magnets and electricity..........................................211 Static electricity.....................................................213 Current electricity..................................................215 Using electricity.....................................................218 Electromagnetism..................................................221 Electromagnetic induction....................................223 Introduction to electronics....................................226 Electronic systems.................................................229 Radioactivity..........................................................231 The atom.................................................................234

Answers to worksheets 238

Answers to assessments 243

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Introduction to Fundamental Physics for O Level Teaching Guide

This Teaching Guide has been written for teachers preparing students for the O Level Physics exam and complements the material presented in the student's book, Fundamental Physics for Cambridge O Level. This Guide contains a number of resources which will enable the teacher to deliver the course more easily and effectively: Suggested demonstrations The demonstrations suggested in this Guide can be carried out by teachers before introducing a topic. These 20 demonstrations involve presenting material and conducting classroom activities to stimulate students' interest in a new topic. Clear instructions have been provided to guide teachers in conducting the demonstrations effectively. Suggested investigations The investigations suggested in this Guide can be assigned to students after a certain topic has been discussed in class. These 25 investigations would help students to conduct research and design investigations independently outside the classroom to explore the topic covered in class. The instructions in the Guide offer sufficient flexibility to enable students to devise their own strategy without prescribing a particular method. Suggested practical exercises This series of exercises provides guidance for practical work which might be used to support the content in the student's book. Each of the 25 exercises includes a list of materials and apparatus to be used, and step-by-step instructions on the collection of valid data. Materials and apparatus are chosen to be simple and readily available in most centres delivering this subject. Exercises are quantitative wherever possible, and each of them includes appropriate assessment opportunities. Alternative-to-practical exercises Alternative-to-practical exercises have been included in this Guide to provide practice to students appearing for ATP exam. Effort has been taken to develop a questioning strategy and style that would enable students to prepare themselves for the final examinations. These 10 exercises cover most of the important topics from the curriculum and can be administered to students at the end of the relevant topics from the student's book rather than towards the end of the course. Worksheets The worksheets included in this Guide have been developed to facilitate the teacher in providing reinforcement material to students after a topic has been covered in class. All of the 25 worksheets may be assigned either to be completed in class or as homework. Assessment sheets The 25 assessment sheets provided in this Guide can be used to test students' comprehension after a topic has been completed in class. The assessment questions have been designed to enable students to grasp the questioning style they are likely to come across in their examinations.

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