CHPT 14
CHPT 14.1
I The French Wars of Religion
A. Calvinism and Catholics had become militant religions by 1560 – this struggle for converts and against each other was the main cause of Europe’s 16th c. wars
B. French Wars of Religion b/w 1562 & 1598 (civil wars) were shattering to country.
1. Huguenots (French Protestants) – influenced by John Calvin
2. they were only 7% of the population but 50% of the nobility, including the House of Bourbons ( next in line for the Valois dynasty).
C. Valois monarchy – strongly Catholic
1. group in France called the ultraCatholics
2. they strongly opposed the Huguenots
D. Townspeople sided with the nobility in an effort to weaken the monarchy
1. they became a base of opposition to Catholic Kg
2. civil war rage for 30 yrs.
3. 1589, Henry of Navarre (leader of Huguenots) succeeded to throne as Henry IV
E. He converted to Catholicism because he realized that a Protestant would not have support of Fr. Cath.
1. used the edict of Nantes (1598)
2. recognizes Catholicism as France’s official religion
3. did give Huguenots the right to worship and to have pol. privileges (holding office)
II Philip II and Militant Catholicism
A. King Philip II of Spain - greatest supporter of militant Cathol.
1. ruled from 1556-1598
2. rule began a period of cultural and political greatness
B. Philip II wanted to consolidate control over lands (Spain, the Netherlands, parts in Italy, and the Americas)
1. strengthened domain – demanding strict adherence to Cathol. & support for monarchy
2. Spain saw itself as nation GOD chose to save Cathol. Christianity from Protestant heretics
C. Phil II – became champion of Cathol.
1. formed Holy League against Turks
2. defeated their fleet – Battle of Lepanto (1571)
D. Spanish Netherlands (modern Netherlands & Belgium) – very rich
1. nobles there resented his efforts to control them
2. Phil II tried to crush Calvinism there
3. Calvinists began to destroy church statues
4. Phil II sent 10,000 troops to stop rebellion
E. In North, Dutch Prince, William the Silent, offered resistance to Phil II
1. 1609 – 12 yr. truce stopped wars
2. north became United Provinces of the Netherlands
3. this became one of Europe’s greatest powers & core of modern Dutch state
F. Spain – most populous empire when Phil II’s reign ended in 1598
1. seemed a great power
2. reality – Phil had bankrupted it ($ war)
3. successor also overspent on court life
4. Spain’s armed forces were out-of-date & gov’t inefficient
5. REAL POWER – now shifted to England
III The England of Elizabeth
A. Elizabeth Tudor ascended the throne of Eng. 1558
1. during this time – became leader of the Protestant nations
2. also laid foundation for becoming a world empire
B. Eliz quickly tried to resolve relg. conflicts
1. repealed laws favoring Cathol
2. new Act of Supremacy – named her as “the only supreme governor” of church and state
3. Church of Eng practiced moderate Protestantism
C. Eliz was moderate in foreign affairs as well
1. tried to keep Fr and Sp from becoming too powerful
2. always supported the weaker to balance power
3. still could not escape conflict w/ Sp
4. Phil II had long toyed w/ idea of invading Eng to return it to Cathol
D. 1588 – Spanish Armada set out to invade Eng
1. fleet had neither the manpower nor #of ships to be successful
2. ships battered in numerous encounters
3. decided to sail home around Scotland and Ireland & a storm sank many of their ships
Chpt 14.2
I Economic and Social Crises
A. 1550-1650- Eur. experienced econ. Crises
1. inflation - due to influx of gold from America
2. increased demand for land & food as pop. Grew
B. 1600 – econ. slowdown hit Eur.
1. Sp’s econ. fell by the 1640’s b/c mines in Amer. producing less silver
2. pirates were increasing problem taking much of silver bound for Sp
3. the number of Jewish and Muslim merchants had declined
C. 1620 – pop. began to decline, especially in central & s. Eur. due to: warfare, plague, & famine – adding great tension
II The Witchcraft Trials
A. belief in withcraft (magic) – part of traditional village life for centuries
1. the zeal of Inquisition to search out heretics now focused on witchcraft
2. Eur. now seized by hysteria
B. more than 100,000 charged
1. most often it was common people
2. 75% accused were women, mostly single, widowed, or over 50
C. Accused witches – tortured until they confessed to:
1. swearing allegiance to devil
2. casting spells
3. attending sabbats (nightly revels)
D. 1650 – witchcraft hysteria lessened due to a couple of reasons:
1. as gov’ts strengthened they did not wish to have trials disrupt society
2. attitudes were changing & fewer people believed in a world haunted by spirits
III The Thirty Years’ War
A. Religious disputes – con’t in Germ. After Peace of Augsburg of 1555 b/c it failed to recognize Calvinism
B. Thirty Years’ War (“last of the religious wars”) – due to: religion, politics, & territory
1. war began in Holy Roman Empire (1618) as a fight b/w Hapsburg emperors & Protestant nobles in Bohemia
2. Prot. nobles rebelled agst Hapsburgs involving all major Eur. countries
C. Most impt – struggle b/w Fr and Sp for control and dominance of Eur
D. Battles – took place on German soil
1. Germ. Land plundered and destroyed for 30 yrs
2. peace brought through the treaty: Peace of Westphalia in 1648
3. some countries gained new territory, but most impt result: France emerged as dominant nation in Eur
E. Treaty also said that all Germ. states could determine their own relg
1. states of Holy Rom Emp – became indep
2. Holy Rom Emp died and Germ was not reunited for 200 yrs
F. Thirty Years’ War – most destructive war ever in Eur
1. flintlock musket (fitted w/baynet) – new, accurate weapon that could be reloaded faster
2. increased use of firearms and greater mobility on battlefield – better disciplined and trained armies
3. Gov’ts began to have standing armies (by 1700, Fr had one of 400,000)
IV Revolutions in England
A. 17th c. – England’s civil war, the English Revolution
1. was a struggle b/w Parliament & the kg
2. to determine the power of each in governing Eng
B. Tudor dynasty – ended w/ Eliz’s death in 1603
1. Stuart kg of Scotland, James I, ascends to the throne
2. believed in the divine right of kings – power comes from God
3. Parliament wanted an equal role in ruling
C. Relg – a big issue
1. Puritans – disagreed w/ kg’s defense of Church of Eng
2. they wanted church to be more Protestant
3. they served in House of Commons (lower house of Parliam)- had power
D. conflict – came under James I’s son, Charles I – believed in divine rt of kgs
1. Parliam – passed a petition prohibiting passing taxes w/o Parliam’s consent
2. kg originally agrees, but changes mind
3. Charles I – tried to add ritual back to service (?)
4. Puritans – flee to America
E. Civil war breaks out – b/w Cavaliers or Royalists (kg’s supporters) & Roundheads ( Parliam)
1. Parliam wins due to Oliver Cromwell & his New Model Army
2. army – made up chiefly of extreme Puritans (Independents) – doing battle for God
F. Cromwell – purged Parliam of those not supporting him
1. Parliam – then executed Charles I, 1649 (BIG! BIG! BIG!)
2. execution – horrified much of Eur
3. Parliam – abolished monarchy & the House of Lords – declared Engl a republic or commonwealth
G. Cromwell – soon dismissed Parliam & set up military dictatorship
1. ruled until his death, 1658
2. Parliam – then restored monarchy under Charles II
3. Although Stuart monarchy was restored, Parliam kept much of the power
4. restored Church of Eng as st relg – restricted rts of Cath & Purit
H. James II became kg, 1685 – devout Cath
1. named Cath to high positions in gov’t, army, & univ
2. more conflict over relg
I. Parliam – did not want James II’s son on throne (Cath)
1. Eng noblemen invited Dutch leader, William of Orange (husb of James’s daugh Mary) to invade Engl?!
2. Wm & Mary raised army & marched on Engl
3. James & family fled – really no violence
4. The “Glorious Revolution” – who would be monarch?
J. Wm & May accepted throne, 1689, with a Bill of Rights
1. Parliam – could make laws & levy taxes
2. standing armies raised only w/ Parliam’s consent
3. citizens had right to bear arms & have jury trial
4. this document – helped create a gov’t based on rule of law & freely elected Parliam – foundation for constitutional monarchy
K. Toleration Act of 1689 – gave Puritans (not Cath) right to free public worship (few ever persecuted for relg again) & destroyed divine rt of kg theory
14.3
I France under Louis XIV
A. one response to the crises of 17th c – stability through increasing monarch’s power
1. this is called absolutism – ruler has total power
2. includes idea of divine right of kings
B. Absolute monarchs – male laws, levy taxes, administer justice, control state’s officials, & determine foreign policy
C. Best example – Louis XIV of France
1. French power & culture spread throughout Eur
2. other courts imitated his court
D. Louis XIII & Louis XIV were boys when came to power, so power held by a cardinal who helped them preserve their monarchies
1. Cardinal Richelieu for Louis XIII
2. Cardinal Mazarin for XIV
E. Richelieu – took military & political rights from Huguenots
1. they were a perceived threat to the throne
2. Richeleu thwarted a number of plots by nobles through a system of spies & executing the conspirators
F. Louis XIV – came to throne 1643 at age of 4
1. during Mazarin’s rule, nobles rebelled agst throne, but unsuccessful
2. the people believed stability resided in having a monarchy
G. Louis XIV – took power at 23
1. wanted to be sole ruler of France
2. all reported to him for orders or approval of orders
3. fostered myth that he was the Sun King – source of light for people
H. He est. his royal court at Versailles where he controlled the gov’t – served 3 purposes
1. king’s household
2. location of chief offices of state
3. place where the powerful could find favors & offices for themselves
I. Louis had a plan to distract noble & princes from politics – he deposed them from the royal council & entertained them at court
1. tactic often worked
2. his gov’t ministers had to obey his every wish
3. ruled w/ absolute authority in foreign policy, the Church, & taxes
J. had an anti-Huguenot policy
1. they had to convert to Cath
2. destroyed their churches & closed their schools
3. 200,000 fled Fr
K. mercantilist policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert helped Louis w/ $ needed for maintaining court & his wars
L. standing army of 400,000 – wanted his dynasty to dominate Eur
1. waged 4 wars – causing other countries to form alliances agst him
2. added some land to Fr & set up a member of his dynasty on Sp’s throne
M. Sun King died 1715
1. Fr was debt-ridden & surrounded by enemies
2. seemed remorseful on deathbed
II Absolutism in Central & Eastern Europe
A. After 30 Yrs War, 2 Germ sts, Prussia & Austria emerge as great powers
B. Frederick William the Great Elector – laid basis for Prussian state
1. built efficient standing army
2. largest army in Europe – 40,000
C. Fred set up General War Commissariat – oversee army
1. bureaucratic machine for civil gov’t
2. used it to govern state
3. members, landed aristocracy, called Junkers
D. Fred’s son became Kg Frederick I, 1701
E. Austrian Hapsburgs – had long been Holy Roman Emperors
1. after 30 yrs war, created new empire in eastern & SE Europe
2. core was in present-day Austria, Czech Rep, & Hungary
3. 1687 – Austria defeats Turks & takes control of Transylvania, Croatia, & Slavonia
F. Austrian monarchy – never a centralized, absolutist st
1. made up of many national groups
2. empire – was territories held together by Hapsburg emperor, the archduke of Austria, kg of Bohemia, & kg of Hung
3. each area – own laws & pol life
III Russia under Peter the Great
A. 16th c – Ivan IV became 1st Russian ruler to take title of czar (Russian for caesar)
1. was very ruthless so received nickname, Ivan the Terrible
2. expanded eastward & crushed power of the nobility (the boyars)
B. end of rule in 1598 caused period of anarchy – the Time of Troubles
1. ended when nat’l assembly chose Michael Romanov as czar in 1613
2. Romanov dynasty lasted until 1917
C. most prominent member – Peter the Great – an absolutist who believed in divine right of kings
1. became czar in 1689
2. after making a trip westward, he decided to Europeanize Russia
3. wanted Eur technology to create a great army so as to make Russia a grt power
4. 1725 – at Peter’s death, Russia was impt Eur st
D. To make an army, Peter drafted peasants for 25-yr service (OUCH!)
1. also created 1st navy
2. divided Rus into provinces to rule more effectively
3. wanted to create a police state – meaning a well-ordered community gov’d by law
E Peter intro’d Western customs & etiquette
1. at court, beards had to be shaved & coats shortened
2. upper class women gained much power – women removed veils & attended mixed social gatherings
F. His goal – to make Russia a grt power
1. impt part of this – to find a port w/ access to Eur thru Baltic Sea
2. at the time, Sweden controlled Baltic
3. he went to war w/ Sweden & acquired lands he needed
On Baltic, began construction of St. Petersburg, the new Rus capital til 1918
14.4
I Mannerism
A. Renaissance ends when Mannerism emerges – in 1520’s & 1530’s
1. fits Eur’s climate at time
2. ppl growing more uncertain about worldy experience & wanted more sprititual emphasis
B. new idea of mannerism broke down the High Ren values of balance, harmony, moderation , & proportion → now showed elongated figures with heightened suffering, emotions, & relg ecstasy
C. reached its height w/ painter El Greco (the Greek)
1. born in Crete
2. mood of pics depicts tension of times
II The Baroque Peirod
A. Baroque replaced Mannerism – towards end of 16th c
1. adopted by Catholic reform movm’t
2. Hapsburg court bldgs (Madrid, Prague, Vienna, & Brussels) show this style
B. baroque artists tried to combine Ren ideals w/ newly revved spiritual feelings – had dramatic effects
C. the art & architecture reflected 17th c search for pwr – churches gave ppl this feeling
D. Italian archit & sculptor, Gian Lorenzo Bernini – grtst during baroque period
1. completed St. Peter’s Bascilica (Rome)
2. throne of St. Peter (wooden piece)
E. best-known female – Artemisia Gentileschi
1. at 23, 1st woman elected to Florentine Academy of Design
2. known for series of Old Testament pics of heroines (Judith Beheading Holofernes)
III The Golden Age of Literature
A. writing reached new heights in Eng & Spain b/w 1580 & 1640 (also other literature)
B. called the Elizabethan Era → most notably drama & theater due to Wm Shakespeare
C. works performed primarily at the Globe – everyone would attend
D. Shakespeare – a universal genius (combined lang skills & insight into human condition)
E. drama flourished in Sp as well as Touring companies brought latest plays
F. 1580’s – Lope de Vega set stage for Sp playwriting – 1500 plays
G. another grt Sp achievement was the novel Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes
IV Political Thought
A. 17th c – concerned w/ order & pwr – reflected in 2 different men’s philosophies
B. Thomas Hobbes – alarmed by Eng’s upheavals – wrote the book Leviathan
1. before society & politics (he called it “state of nature”), life is brutal & violent b/c human nature is about self-interest
2. life is not about morals but self preservation
3. to save ppl from destroying one another, they must form a state by agreeing to be gov’d by an absolute ruler w/ complete pwr – only then could order be preserved
C. John Locke – political work called Two Treatises of Government
1. he argued agst absolute rule of one person
2. believed before the development of society & pol, ppl lived in state of feedom
3. in this state, they had natural rights – these are rights every person is born with
D. Locke believed that in this state, ppl had trouble protecting these rights
1. they form a gov’t to protect & secure these rights
2. contract b/w ppl & gov’t create mutual obligations
3. if contract broken, ppl can overthrow gov’t (WOW – this is huge!)
E.Locke’s ideas – impt to Am & Fr Revolutions
1. used to support demands for constitutional gov’t, rule of law, & protection
2. found in Declaration of Independence & US Constitution
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