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Final Exam Review 2015

Chemistry

1. Draw a Bohr diagram of the element Boron. Label the subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons, valence electrons).

W – Nucleus

X – Neutron

Y – Proton

Z – Electron

V – Valence Electron

2. Which two particles are used to determine an atom’s mass?

X, Y Protons + Neutrons = Atomic Mass

3. Shade in location of the metals, non-metals, and metalloids located on the periodic table? List the properties for each group on the next table.

[pic]

4. What can you predict about an element based on where it is on the periodic table?

You can predict its physical and chemical properties (Number of Valence electrons, reactivity, etc.)

5. What are columns on the periodic table that have similar chemical and physical properties called? Groups or Families

6. What are the horizontal rows on the periodic table called? Periods

7. How many atoms of each element are in the compound, 2Fe2O3?

4 atoms of Iron, 6 atoms of Oxygen

8. What are the five indicators that a substance has gone through a chemical change?

Unexpected changes in properties - Color change, gas production, changes in temperature, precipitate forms, light produced, odor change

9. What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed.

10. What happens in a chemical reaction?

Elements are rearranged into new substances through chemical reactions

11. Balance the following equation.

2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

12. List the element(s) involved in the chemical reaction above?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

13. List the compound(s) involved in the chemical reaction above?

C2H6, CO2, H2O

Force and Motion

14. What is the difference between balanced and unbalanced forces?

Balanced forces do not cause any change in motion, whereas unbalanced forces will cause an object to start moving, stop moving, or change direction

15. What is the net force acting on the object below? In which direction will the object move?

50N to the Left

16. How does friction affect an object’s motion?

Friction will cause an object to slow down or stop moving

17. Newton’s Laws

|Newton’s Law of Motion |Description |Formula/Example |

|First Law of Motion |An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in |When you slam on the brakes in a car you can continue to move |

| |motion will remain in motion unless acted on by an |forward unless you are wearing a seatbelt |

| |outside force | |

|2nd Law of Motion |The relationship between force, mass, and |Force = Mass x Acceleration |

| |acceleration. For example if you increase force and | |

| |keep mass the same, acceleration will increase. | |

|3rd Law of Motion |For every action there is an equal and opposite |You dive off a boat that is not on and the boat moves forward |

| |reaction | |

18. Hannah uses a force of 60N to move a 30 kg bag of equipment. What is the acceleration of the bag? Show your work!

60N/30 kg = 2 m/s2

19. Mandy’s balloon car travels at a speed of 20 m/s for 10s. What is the distance that the balloon car traveled? Show your work!

20 m/s x 10s = 200m

20. Create a distance vs. time graph that shows constant motion.

[pic]

21. Create a distance vs. time graph that shows an object at rest.

[pic]

Cyclical Movements of the Sun, Earth, and Moon

22. What causes day and night?

Earth’s rotation on its axis

23. Why does the Earth have seasons?

The Earth’s axis is tilted as it revolves around the sun

24. Label the seasons that the Northern Hemisphere would experience on the diagram below.

[pic]

[pic]

25. Draw and label the moon phase we would see at each of the positions on the diagram?

|1 - First Quarter | |

| | |

|2 - Full Moon | |

| | |

| | |

|3 – Last/Third Quarter | |

| | |

| | |

|4 - New Moon | |

| | |

26. If you see a full moon tonight how much time will pass before you see the next full moon?

Four weeks

27. What is a Spring tide? Draw the positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun.

The tide with the greatest difference between the low and high tide. Spring tides occur at full and new moon.

28. What is a Neap tide? Draw the positions of the Earth,

Moon, and Sun.

The tide with the least difference between the low and

high tide. Neap tides occur at first and last quarter

moons.

Stars and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

[pic]

29. What color of stars has the highest surface temperature? Blue or Blue-White

30. What color of stars has the lowest surface temperature? Red

31. Which type of stars represents most of the stars on the diagram? Main Sequence

32. What is the general relationship between the surface temperature and brightness of a Main Sequence star? As temperature increases, magnitude increases

33. What type of star is our sun? Our sun is a main sequence star

[pic]

34. In the diagram above, which letter represents the amplitude of the wave? A

35. In the diagram above, which letter represents the wavelength of the wave? B

36. Label the galaxies in the pictures below.

[pic]

Spiral Irregular Elliptical Spiral

37. What determines a star’s life cycle? A star’s life cycle is determined by its mass

38. What is a light year? The distance that light travels in one year

39. What are the general characteristics of the sun? The sun is a main sequence star that is medium in size, magnitude and temperature.

40. What two pieces of evidence are used to support the big bang theory? Explain each one.

Red Shift - Astronomers have observed a red shift in galaxies. If an astronomical object is moving away from the Earth, its light will be shifted to longer (red) wavelengths. This confirmed that galaxies were moving away from each other

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation - Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were experimenting with a radio antenna at a lab in New Jersey. When they tested it they kept hearing a weird, unexplained static. They found that it is left over heat from the Big Bang and that is evenly distributed throughout the universe; proving that the universe started as a single point.

Earth’s Changing Surface

41. What 3 pieces of evidence did Wegener use to prove his theory of Continental Drift?

• Fossils were found on continents on opposite sides of the ocean

• Climate – glacial scratches on bedrock

• Landforms – mountain ranges match on opposite continents

42. Why didn’t geologists accept Wegener’s theory of Continental Drift?

Wegener could not identify the force that moved the continents

43. What provides the force that moves tectonic plates?

Convection Currents

44. Fill in the Plate Boundaries chart below:

|Type of Boundary |Crustal Formation |Example |

|Convergent |Oceanic – Oceanic |Aleutian Islands |

| |Trench | |

| | | |

| |Volcanic Island Arc | |

| |Oceanic - Continental |Andes Mountains |

| |Trench | |

| | | |

| |Volcanic Mountains | |

| |Continental – Continental |Himalyan Mountains |

| |Folded Mountains | |

| |Rift Valleys |Mid-Atlantic Ridge |

|Divergent | | |

| |Mid-Ocean Ridges | |

| |Faults |San Andreas Fault |

|Transform | | |

Role of Oceans and Weather

45. Why does convection take place?

Uneven heating of the Earth - Cold air is denser than warm air

46. What is the original source of energy that heats air and causes wind?

The sun

47. What are the conditions associated with a low pressure system?

Cloudy and rainy

48. What are the conditions associated with a high pressure system?

Dry and clear

49. Fill in the chart for fronts:

|Type of Front |Description |Weather before the front |Weather after the front |Picture |

|Cold |Cold fronts occur when a |Thunderstorms often occur |Clear, crisp air follows a |[pic] |

| |colder, drier air mass pushes | |cold front | |

| |out a warmer, wetter one | | | |

|Warm |Warm fronts occur when a |Fog often occurs, light rain |Usually warm humid days |[pic] |

| |warmer air mass pushes out | |follow a warm front | |

| |cooler, drier air | | | |

50. How do the oceans affect the global climate?

The ocean keeps the planet’s overall temperature moderate, not too hot and not too cold

Ecology

51. Identify the organisms that occupy the different trophic levels in the food web.

|Producers |Plankton |

|Consumers |Krill, zooplankton, cod, adelie penguin, squid, crabeater |

| |seal, elephant seal, leopard seal, killer whale |

|Herbivores |Zooplankton |

|Carnivores |Crabeater seal, killer whale, leopard seal, elephant seal |

|Omnivores |Krill, cod, squid, adelie penguin |

52. Give two example of predation in the food web above.

Predator Killer Whale Prey Elephant Seal

Predator Leopard Seal Prey Cod

53. Give two examples of competition in the food web above.

• Leopard seals, killer whales, and elephant seals may compete for squid

• Cod, zooplankton, adelie penguin, and crabeater seals may compete for krill

54. Define and give an example of each type of symbiotic relationship listed below:

|Relationship |Definition |Example |Effect |

|Commensalism |One species benefits and the other is unaffected |Shark and Remora |t 0 |

|Mutualism |Both species benefit |Sea Anemone and Clown Fish |t t |

|Parasitism |One species benefits and the other is injured or killed |Tapeworm and a human |t - |

55. What is natural selection?

The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species

56. How does the environment “select” organisms?

Some variations make individuals better adapted to their environment. Those individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, so in that way the environment “selects” organisms with helpful traits to be the parents of the next generation.

57. How are the finch beaks on the Galapagos Islands an example of an adaptation?

Each type of finch has a slightly different shaped beak, which is related to the type of food it ate

Oceans

58. How are humans dependent on the oceans?

The oceans give us more than half of the oxygen we breathe, regulate climate, and provide valuable resources

59. What are some critical issues facing the oceans?

Overfishing, Sea Temperature Rise, Marine Pollution, Ocean Acidification, Marine Habitat Destruction, Sea Level Rise, Marine Invasive Species

60. What are some affects that solid waste can have on ocean organisms?

Animals can get tangled up in debris and drown, sea turtles and other animals eat plastic, mistaking it for food

61. What are some ways you can help protect the oceans? Make safe, sustainable seafood choices, Use fewer plastic products, take care when visiting reefs and beaches, Take part in a beach cleanup

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V

Distance

Distance

Spring

Fall

Summer

Winter

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