Private Pilot Flight Training
Student:_____________________ Date Completed:________________Private Pilot Flight TrainingTAXIINGObjective:To develop the student's planning and technique in taxi operations.Elements:Proper brake check and correct use of pliance with airport surface marking, signals, and clearances.How to control direction and speed.Control positioning for various wind conditions.Techniques used to avoid other aircraft and hazards.Positioning the airplane with consideration for other aircraft, surface conditions and wind.Division of attention inside and outside the cockpit.Method used to determine that airplane is in a safe operating condition.Method used for assuring that the takeoff area or path is free of hazards.Method used for assuring adequate clearance from other traffic.Schedule:Preflight Discussion0:15Demonstration and Student Practice1:00Postflight Discussion0:15All Times Dependent on Pilot's AbilityEquipment:AircraftDrawing Surface and Marking UtensilInstructor's Actions:Student's Actions:PREFLIGHT: Discuss lesson objective? Discuss common student errors in performing the preflight. Discuss the FAA's emphasis on safety including leaving all problems on the ground. Coach student practice. Evaluate student understanding of maneuver. Critique student performance. Answer student questions.PREFLIGHT:Discuss lesson objective. Listens and takes notes. Resolves Questions. Practices the preflight as directed. Answers questions posed by instructor. Critiques own pletion Standards: FAA-S-8081-14AS (Private PTS, II. D. 1-6)TAXIINGExhibits knowledge of the elements related to safe taxi procedures. Performs a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving. Positions the flight controls properly for the existing wind conditions. Controls direction and speed without excessive use of brakesComplies with airport/taxiway markings, signals, ATC clearances & instructionsTaxies so as to avoid other aircraft and hazards. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit. Assures no conflict with traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff position. Private Pilot Flight TrainingCommon Errors: FAA-H-8083-3A (Chapter 2-9)Improper use of brakes. Improper positioning of the flight controls for various wind conditions. Hazards of taxiing too fast.Failure to comply with markings, signals, or clearances.Failure to use or the improper use of the checklist.Improper positioning of the airplane.Acceptance of marginal engine performance.An improper check of flight controls.Hazards of failure to review takeoff and emergency procedures.Failure to check for hazards and other traffic.References:FAA-H-8083-3A (Chapter 2-9)FAA-S-8081-14AS (Private PTS, II. D. 1-6)AIM (4-3-18)POH / AFMThings to Remember:Progressive Taxis at new airportsATIS, instrument checks?Coach the student when they attempt to steer the airplane with the control wheel.Private Pilot Flight TrainingTaxiing TechniqueOBJECTIVE: To teach the ability to maneuver the aircraft on the ground.AIRMANSHIPBefore TaxingCheck brakes on.Adjust Throttle FrictionClearanceNote wind velocityDuring TaxingCheck engine and gyro instrumentsLook aroundListening watch on ground frequencySEQUENCEStarting and StoppingWhen safe, demonstrate starting and stopping in a straight line.Starting:Throttle closed.Brakes released.Control column back.Open throttle.Throttle back slightly – effect of inertiaDangers of misuse of power and elevator. (tailwheel)Stopping:Close throttle.Rudder pedals coordinated.Control column back.Apply brakes.Be aware of braking too harshly.Control of Direction and TurningDemonstrate use of rudder and brake both upwind and downwind.Braking:Power off, brakes off – small effect.Power on, brakes off – improved effect.Power on, brakes set – large effectRudder and power as required. Anticipation.Cross Wind TechniquesWeather vaning tendencyTurns into wind tend to tighten upAircraft is less willing to turn downwindPrivate Pilot Flight TrainingTaxiing Technique (continued)Control of SpeedSmooth use of throttle.Control of speed withPower.Brake.Factors affecting speed:Surface gradient.Nature of surface.Wind.Judging speed.Avoid taxing fastTurning in Confided SpacesLow speed.Use of rudder, power, and brakes.Check that the tail is clear of obstacles.Leaving Parking LocationChecks.Brakes tested.Check minimum use of differential braking.Instructor notes and visual aidsPrivate Pilot Flight TrainingLesson Plan Notes:BASIC TAXI TECHNIQUES:Standard techniques to be used for all aircraft taxiing.Prior to aircraft movement, gain awareness of surroundings, pedestrians, animals, vehicles and other aircraft. If there is ever doubt about clearing an obstruction, shut down and investigateKeep eyes out of the windows, and avoid distractions during all ground operationsGet taxi clearance or self-announce. Read back, record, and understand clearance prior to moving.Set heading bug to wind, and position flight controls for current wind conditionsUpon movement, check brakes immediately. If unsatisfactory, shut downSteer with rudder pedals / brakesTaxi at an appropriate, yet cautious speed. Downwind taxi will require less powerWhen making turns, check: Airspeed Indicator, Heading Indicator, Turn Coordinator and CompassAvoid excess braking/braking with power. Idle power before braking. (Except differential braking)Use the yellow taxi center line, or green lights.Slow prior to turnsReposition flight controls for current wind conditions during/after each turnBe aware of weather vaning in high wind conditionsAlways be alert and scan during taxi operationsTAXIING WITH A HEADWIND:Used when taxiing in moderate to strong headwind conditions.Hold the yoke to maintain the ailerons in a neutral or level position.TAXIING WITH QUARTERING HEADWINDS:Used when taxiing in strong quartering headwinds.Fully turn the yoke in the direction of the wind placing the upwind aileron in the up position. Due to reduced control effectiveness at slow taxi speeds, full aileron deflection is required.Hold the yoke to maintain the elevator (or stabilator) in neutral or level position. A neutral elevator position will help maintain sufficient nose wheel friction and allow positive directional control.TAXIING WITH A TAILWIND:The effectiveness of the airplane controls is influenced by tailwinds.Hold the yoke to maintain the ailerons in a neutral position and the elevator in the down positionTAXIING IN QUARTERING TAILWINDS:Used when taxiing in strong quartering tailwind conditions. (Note: This is the most critical wind condition for taxiing a tricycle gear, high-wing airplane.)Fully turn the yoke in the direction away from the wind. In a right quartering tailwind turn the yoke fully to the left, or left aileron up. Reverse the position of the aileron control when taxiing with a left quartering tailwind.Hold the yoke full forward to maintain the elevator (or stabilator) in a down position which will counteract the airplane’s tipping tendency. “ Dive away from the wind”Private Pilot Ground TrainingTaxiing Graphical AidsAileron and Elevator Control Position while taxiingBrake and power while taxiing downwindTaxiing with a left quartering headwindTaxiing with a right quartering tailwindSurface area on an airplane most affected by the wind ................
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