SISD



FIRST QUARTER: Colonization Era- 1607-1754

Dates

1492 – Columbus “discovers” America

*1607 - Jamestown, VA.: First permanent; economically successful English settlement

*1620 - Pilgrims at Plymouth, MA: Separatist group seeking religious freedom

*1620 - Mayflower Compact; Established ideas of self-government and majority rule

Reasons for Settlement/Exploration: (3G’s)

Political reasons: Expansion of Empire (GLORY)

Economic reasons: profit for empire, i.e. mercantilism (GOLD)

Religious reasons: freedom of worship; escape religious persecution (GOD)

Social reasons: better life

Regions

New England- subsistence farming, timber and ship building, fishing and whaling, manufacturing

Rocky soil

Middle- farmed wheat, oat, barley and rye, called the “Bread-Basket Colonies”, some trade

Southern- farmed tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton, grew “cash crops” on plantations (slavery)

Documents

Magna Carta – 1215 - Limited the power of the king (share power with Parliament)

English Bill of Rights – 1689 – protected individual rights

Mayflower Compact: self-government; majority rule, “Civil body politic”

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: first written constitution in the colonies

Virginia House of Burgesses: 1st representative assembly

Movements

Transatlantic slave trade-millions of Africans were captured, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold

First Great Awakening: religious revivals - encouraged ideas of equality, the right to challenge authority

Enlightenment – reason (thinking) should be a guide for society

TEAM ROSTER

Pilgrim- Wanted to separate the Church of England

(Plymouth, Mass.)

Puritans- Wanted to reform (purify) the Church of England

William Penn- Quaker who founded Pennsylvania, self gov’t

John Winthrop – “we should be like a city upon a hill” (Boston, Mass) – an example for others to look up to

John Locke- Enlightenment philosopher who wrote about natural rights

Anne Hutchison-Religious dissenter who fled to Rhode Island

John Smith- takes over Jamestown; “he that shall not work, shall

not eat”

Lord Baltimore- founded Maryland for religious freedom for Catholics

John Peter Zenger- this trial established freedom of the press Quakers- religious group that believed in a simple lifestyle and equality for all; lived in Pennsylvania

John Rolfe- arrives with tobacco that will make Jamestown rich

James Oglethorpe- founded Georgia for debtors and prisoners

Roger Williams- founded Rhode Island for religious freedom

Separation of Church and State

Thomas Hooker-founder of Connecticut; wrote Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

George Whitefield- famous preacher during Great Awakening

Eliza Pinckney- created improved strains of the indigo plant from which a blue dye can be obtained and brought them to the colonies

SECOND QUARTER: Revolutionary Era- 1754- 1783

Dates

*1776 - Declaration of Independence: adopted July 4

1783– Treaty of Paris; Independence recognized; our new Western border = Mississippi river

Causes

French and Indian War – British raised taxes on colonists to pay for the expensive war.

Proclamation of 1763– King George said colonies can’t settle west of the Appalachian Mountains = ANGERED colonists

Mercantilism – economic policy; colonist exist (send raw materials) to benefit the mother country

Taxation with Representation! – lack of colonial representation in Parliament

1765 Stamp Act-tax/economic burden . . . led to colonial boycott of British goods

1765 Quartering Act – invasion of privacy/economic burden

1770 Boston Massacre- 1st civilians killed by British soldiers. Paul Revere created an engraving of it = used as propaganda

1773 Tea Act – tax on tea. Colonists (Sons of Liberty/Sam Adams) responded with . . . Boston Tea Party

Boston Tea Party- (example of Civil Disobedience) citizens (Sons of Liberty) unhappy with Tea Act. Resulted in British passage of the Intolerable Acts, thereby, limiting the rights of citizens of Boston

1774 Intolerable Acts – punishment for the Boston Tea Party. Closed the Boston Harbor; angered colonists!

1774 First Continental Congress-voted to ban all trade with Great Britain until Intolerable Acts repealed/delegates determined to uphold colonial rights

Sons of Liberty-Colonial protest group led by Samuel Adams

Battles

Lexington and Concord “Shot Heard Around the World” – Start of the American Revolution – first shots fired

Battle of Saratoga – TURNING POINT OF REVOLUTION (victory encourages France (ships & $) and Spain to help us

Winter at Valley Forge – winter camp where Washington, LaFayette (and Barron von Steuben) trained the troops. Washington read The American Crisis to the troops to lift their spirits

Battle of Yorktown – last battle of the Revolution (1781) Cornwallis defeated by Americans on land, and French by sea

Effects/Documents

Common Sense - by Thomas Paine – convince Americans to break away from Britain; “Tis time to part”

The American Crisis – by Thomas Paine – written to encourage support for troops and encourage troops to keep fighting (read at Valley Forge); “These are the times that try men’s souls . . . the summer soldier and the sunshine patriot”

Declaration of Independence-unalienable rights (life, liberty and pursuit of happiness), grievances against the British

Articles of Confederation-First official government of the new nation-Created by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia (had many weaknesses – see next page)

Treaty of Paris 1783- ended the war; set new boundaries: Mississippi River to the west, Canada to the north, and Spanish Florida to the south

TEAM ROSTER

Abigail Adams -“Remember the Ladies”-wife of John Adams/early advocate for women’s rights in America

John Adams-vocal member of First Continental Congress/convinced that only outright resistance would gain liberty for America

Wentworth Cheswell- African American “Paul Revere” member of the Committee of Safety

Samuel Adams-Leader of the Sons of Liberty-urged colonists to resist British controls

Mercy Otis Warren-American woman who wrote about the Revolution using prose, plays, and poetry

James Armistead- slave who served General Lafayette as an American spy. After the war, Lafayette helped Armistead obtain his freedom, and in return Armistead added the name “Lafayette” to his own

Benjamin Franklin-signer of the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Paris 1783, and later the U.S. Constitution-long time American leader-spent the Revolution in France and helped convince them to come to American aid. Great inventor.

Bernardo de Galvez-Spanish governor of Louisiana-captured Natchez, Baton Rouge, and Mobile/prevented British from attacking the U.S. from the southwest

Crispus Attucks-sailor of American Indian and African American ancestry, 1st to die at Boston Massacre

King George III-King of Great Britain during the American Revolution

Haym Solomon-Polish native-Jewish Revolutionary hero; prime financier ($$) of the Americans during the Revolution

Patrick Henry-Vocal Virginian who urged the Americans to resist British tyranny-Famously said “…as for me, give me liberty or give me death”

Thomas Jefferson-writer of the Declaration of Independence

Marquis de Lafayette- 19 yr. old French nobleman who volunteered to serve in Washington’s army. Led his own division.

Thomas Paine –Writer of Common Sense (written to convince Americans to break with Britain) and The American Crisis (written to encourage Americans to keep fighting)

George Washington-commander of the Revolutionary Army

HALF-TIME: Confederation, Convention, and Constitution- 1783- 1787

Dates

*1787: Constitutional Convention: debate and writing of the U.S. Constitution (Philadelphia)

1791: Bill of Rights is added to the Constitution

Territories

13 Original States

Northwest Territory

Compromises

REPRESENTATION? How will states be represented in Congress?

• Virginia Plan =Population, favored by big states;

• New Jersey Plan= based on quality, favored by small states

o Great Compromise = 2 house Congress, House of Reps (population), Senate(equality) = same Congress we have today!

SLAVES?- North didn’t want slaves to count for population, South wanted all slaves to count

o 3/5th Compromise = for every 5 slaves 3 count in terms of population and taxes

Political Parties

Federalists- led by Hamilton, Jay, Madison; federal gov’t has more power, pro-manufacturing, wealthy/elite should rule

Anti-Federalists- led by Jefferson and Mason; states have more power, pro-agriculture, average citizens should rule;

• demanded a Bill of Rights be added before ratifying Constitution

Documents

Articles of Confederation: our 1st National Constitution

• Strengths: Governed nation through the Revolutionary War; Negotiated Treaty of Paris; Passed the Land Ordinance of 1785; Passed the Northwest Ordinance 1787

• Weaknesses: Lacked power to enforce laws (no President) ; lacked power to levy taxes; Lacked power to negotiate trade among the states; Required all 13 states to approve changes in the Articles; no judicial branch

o Shay’s Rebellion = showed us the Articles was too weak (no way to put down a rebellion) = led to Constitutional Convention

Land Ordinance of 1785: asked surveyors to measure out townships in Northwest Territory; lot 16 = education

Northwest Ordinance: Law that set up govt. for Northwest Territory; provided method for new states to be admitted; provided for the orderly expansion of the US

Magna Carta1215: No man is above the law; importance of individual rights; limited the power of the king

English Bill of Rights: Provided for rights of the individuals; provided right to trial by jury

Constitution (1787): the supreme law of the United States of America. The first three Articles of the Constitution establish the rules and separate powers of the three branches of the federal government: legislative (makes the laws), executive (president = carries out the laws) judicial (court system: interprets the laws) the last four Articles frame the principle of federalism

Bill of Rights: 1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution (demanded by anti- federalists)

• addresses colonial grievances such as lack of individual rights, the right to bear arms, quartering of soldiers, due process of law, rights of accused, how a trial is conduced, limits on punishments, rights of the people and powers of states and people

Principles

Popular Sovereignty- Ultimate power and final authority is held by the citizens – “People Power” = “We the People” “Consent of the Governed”

Republicanism- People EXERCISE their power by voting for their political representatives

Limited Government- Government’s power is limited by the Constitution; everyone obeys the law

Federalism- Power is divided (or shared) between the national and state governments

Separation of Powers- Power is divided between 3 branches

Checks and Balances- Each branch has certain controls (checks) over the other 2 (so that one branch

doesn’t become too powerful)

Individual Rights- Personal liberties or privileges guaranteed to the citizens

TEAM ROSTER

George Washington- President of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia

James Madison- Federalist who supported a strong executive; “Father of the Constitution”

Patrick Henry- Anti-Federalist who insisted on a Bill of Rights

Thomas Jefferson- leader of the Anti-Federalist party

Alexander Hamilton- Federalist leader who supported a strong executive

George Mason- Anti-Federalist who insisted on a Bill of Rights

John Locke – (natural rights = unalienable rights) Montesquieu - separate powers into 3 branches

THIRD QUARTER: Early Republic and Industrialization- 1789- 1825

Washington

Federal Judiciary Act of 1789- 6 member court; Created lower federal courts

Precedents set- sets the standards that other presidents will follow. Ex: neutrality, cabinet system, 2 terms

Hamilton’s Financial Plan- protective tariffs to pay back the war debt; national bank; government would pay state AND national debt (Free Enterprise system based on competition ex: donut shops, nail shops etc)

Whiskey Rebellion: Washington used his power as commander –in-chief (send in troops) to enforce the tax on whiskey

Jay’s Treaty- Britain agreed to leave the Ohio Valley and pay us back for our stolen ships; this helped reduce awkward tension between the U.S. and Britain

Pinckney’s Treaty- U.S. got the freedom to travel on the Mississippi and store goods at New Orleans (from Spain)

Washington’s Farewell Address: his advise and warnings for future: said stay away from “permanent alliances” (foreign alliances) and beware of the “spirit of party” (political parties)

Adams

XYZ Affair: French agents (known as X, Y, and Z) demand a $10 million loan and a bribe before they will discuss a treaty; U.S. refused to give a cent “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!”

Alien & Sedition Acts: Increased time for immigrants to become citizens from 5 to 14; Made saying or printing “false or hateful” writing about the gov’t illegal (unconstitutional – 1st amendment) Made Adams unpopular

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts; Jefferson and Madison drafted a set of statements declaring that states can nullify a federal law if the state believes it to be unconstitutional

Jefferson

1803 Louisiana Purchase- U.S. purchases Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million; doubled our size

1803 Marbury v. Madison- The Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to declare laws unconstitutional (JUDICIAL REVIEW!)

Lewis and Clark Expedition – explored Louisiana Territory; helped by Sacagawea

Embargo Act of 1807- Forbid American ships to sail into foreign ports and closed U.S. ports to British ships; hurt the economies of each region; leads to War of 1812 and American needing to make its own goods (factories develop in North)

Madison

War of 1812- Causes: Great Britain was taking U.S. ships (impressments) and interfering with U.S. trade, British arming American Indians to attack settlers

Results: Increased American Patriotism, Weakened American Indian resistance; U.S. manufacturing grew

Monroe

Era of Good Feelings- Period characterized by Nationalism (pride in nation)

Clay’s American System- Wanted the U.S. to be economically self-sufficient

Missouri Compromise 1820- by Henry Clay:

• debate over admission as slave or free state would upset the “balance of power” between slave and free states in Congress

• Kept the balance of power by admitting Maine as free and Missouri as slave and banning slavery north of the parallel 36°30’

• Sectionalism developed as a result of the slavery issue

McCulloch v. Maryland- Could not tax federal government (hint: M & M’s = taxes)

Gibbons v. Ogden- Federal Government will regulate interstate commerce Promoted economic growth

(Gibbon’s = Monkey – Gibbon’s are traded across states lines by zoo’s)

Factory System- brought together workers and tools under one roof, increasing urbanization and changing the way of life. Factories developed on fast moving rivers in the NE, People went work in the factories (Lowell Girls) – led to industrialization.

INVENTIONS

Cotton Gin (led to spread of slavery) = Eli Whitney Water powered textile mill (led to factory system and Lowell Girls) by Samuel Slater

Interchangeable Parts (led to faster/cheaper production) by Eli Whitney Telegraph and Morse Code (communication) by Samuel Morse

Mechanical Reaper (farming improvement) by Cyrus McCormick Steam Engine (Steamboat - could travel against the current) by Robert Fulton (Clermont)

Steel Plow (farming improvement) by John Deere

FOURTH QUARTER: Age of Jackson, Westward Expansion, Reform- 1825-1861

Age of Jackson

Tariff of Abomination-1828 law that raised the tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods; it upset Southerners who felt that the North was being favored. North supported tariffs and generally opposed the spread of slavery. South opposed tariff and supported the use of slaves and the growth of slavery into Western Territories (King Cotton)

Bank War- Jackson vetoed the renewal of the 2nd Bank of the U.S. because he felt the bank had too much power/influence over Congress/public policy. The bank leadership fought back, creating economic troubles and forcing people to take sides.

Sectionalism- Jackson supported strong central government, Southern states wanted State’s Rights; differences in economics systems, support for tariffs and slavery

Nullification Crisis- South Carolina threatened to secede over tariff issue, Jackson at odds with Calhoun

States’ Rights- theory that said that states could nullify a federal law

Jacksonian Democracy- idea of spreading political power to all the people, thereby ensuring majority rule

Era of the Common Man

White man’s suffrage – spread during the Age of Jackson = more white men could vote

Spoils System- practice of winning candidates giving government jobs to political backers or supporters

Indian Removal Act – moved Indians WEST of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory in OK.

Worcester v. Georgia- Supreme Court upheld Cherokee land rights/Jackson ignored court’s decision

Westward Expansion

Manifest Destiny- The belief that America should spread from coast to coast

U.S. Mexican War- Causes: Border dispute over the Rio Grande, Manifest Destiny, Annexation of Texas

Effects: Texas recognized as part of U.S., Mexican Cession, From sea to shining sea

A- Original 13 Colonies, 1776

B- Western Lands, 1783 (Treaty of Paris)

C- Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (from France)

D- Florida Cession, 1819 (Adams-Onis Treaty)

E- Texas Annexation, 1845

F- Oregon Territory, 1846 – From Britain

G- Mexican Cession, 1848-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

H- Gadsden Purchase, 1853 (flat lands – railroads)

REFORM MOVEMENTS AND REFORMERS

 

Movement Time Period Accomplishment

 

ABOLITION 1830s-1840s Anti-slavery

Wm Lloyd Garrison 1831 Anti-slavery newspaper publisher ; The Liberator

Frederick Douglass 1845 Abolitionist, black orator, The North Star

Sojourner Truth 1843 Abolitionist, black orator; “Ain’t I am woman?”

 

EDUCATION 1830s Widely available education

Horace Mann 1837 Head of first state board of education in U.S.

Called education “the great equalizer”

 TEMPERANCE 1800s Anti-alcohol

 

PRISON REFORM 1840-1860 Improvements prisoner care

Dorothea Dix Care of prisoners, mentally ill

 

SUFFRAGE mid 1800’s-1920 Women’s right to vote

Elizabeth Cady

Stanton, 1848 Organizer- Women’s Rights

Susan B. Anthony & “Declaration of Sentiments”

Lucretia Mott Seneca Falls Convention

SUPER BOWL! = Civil War (1861-65) and Reconstruction (1865 – 1877)

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13 Colonial Regions

[pic]

Led to independence

“se par ate”

3 branch es

Mon tes quieu

Review your Bill of Rights hand signals!

A

B

D

C

E

F

G

H

James K. Polk = “Mr. Manifest Destiny”

“Mexico has invaded our territory and shed American Blood on American Soil.”

US-Mexican War began when troops fired in the “disputed territory” between the Nueces R and Rio Grande in Texas.

Result of the US Mexican War?

US got the lands known as the Mexican Cession.

Important speeches

Lincoln’s 1st Inaugural Address: “We are not enemies, but friends”

Jefferson Davis Inaugural Address: “as a necessity, not a choice, we have resorted to separation.”

Abraham Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address: With malice toward none, charity toward all . . . let us strive together to bind up the nation’s wounds”

Reconstruction Acts and Amendments

Lincoln’s 10% Plan- When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized as a state

Presidential Reconstruction (Johnson - HUG)- kept Lincoln’s ideas; added that they must ratify the 13th

Radical Republicans/Reconstruction Act of 1867- (slug) declared martial law; divided South into 5 military districts with a Union general as acting governor; Required 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments be ratified

Freedmen’s Bureau- created to distribute food and supplies, establish schools, and redistribute additional confiscated land to former slaves; “40 acres and a mule”

Black Codes- laws to restrict opportunities for free blacks

Ku Klux Klan- white “terrorist” group

Sharecropping- enabled southern blacks to rent their own plots of land, farm them, and provide for their families; led to DEBT

13th Amendment– abolished slavery; FREED

14th Amendment – citizenship to former slaves; CITIZENS

15th Amendment – gave former male slaves the right to vote; VOTE

Homestead Act (1862)- to encourage economic growth and expansion west; 160 acres if settler built home and grew crops; 5 yrs later they owned it

Morrill Act (1862)- each state gets 30,000 acres times the # of its Congressional members; money from land sales used to start agricultural & mechanical arts universities

Dawes Act (1887)- broke up American Indian tribes by selling surplus tribal lands to whites

Election of 1876- Tilden vs. Hayes; Hayes elected as president; ended Reconstruction; military left the South

Team Roster

Abraham Lincoln = President of the United States (Union = North)

Jefferson Davis = President of the CONFEDERACY (South)

General Ulysses S. Grant = Union general = winner (later President)

Robert E. Lee = Confederate General

Stonewall Jackson = Confederate General, highly skilled, respected

Hiram Rhodes Revels – 1st African American to serve in Congress

William Carney = 1st African American Metal of Honor winner (flag)

Philip Bazaar – 1st Hispanic Metal of Honor winner (sailor)

Clara Barton – nurse (Angel of the battlefield) – American Red Cross

Julia Ward Howe – wrote the Battle Hymn of the Republic – Union song

Civil War Battles and events 1861- 1865

Ft. Sumter- first shots of the Civil War

Antietam- deadliest single day of war

Emancipation Proclamation – freed the slaves in the rebelling states

Gettysburg- 3 day battle; TURNING POINT of the war

Gettysburg Address – Lincoln made this speech at the cemetery dedication. “Four score and seven years ago . . .” “these dead shall not have died in vain” “Gov’t of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth”

Vicksburg- Union gains control of Mississippi; splits the South

Appomattox Court House- war is over; Grant and Lee meet to discuss surrender

Causes of the Civil War

Sectionalism- North vs. South; economic differences led to loyalties and divisions on the issue of slavery

States’ Rights- differences in opinion on who holds more power (states vs. federal government); 10th amendment

Wilmot Proviso- suggestion that slavery be outlawed in Mexican Cession; splits Congress

Compromise of 1850-

1. California becomes a state

2. stronger Fugitive Slave Act

3. Mexican Cession open to popular sovereignty

4. slave trade banned in Washington D.C.

Fugitive Slave Act- allowed Southerners to recover escaped slaves; angered the North

Uncle Tom’s Cabin- by Harriet Beecher Stowe; told the horrors of slavery; increased abolitionist feelings in the North

Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)- repealed Missouri Compromise; opened territories of Kansas and Nebraska to popular sovereignty; Bleeding Kansas

Dred Scott vs. Sanford- Supreme Court case: slaves were property; denied citizenship for slaves

John Brown’s Raid- abolitionist raid on Harper’s Ferry; caused John Brown to become a hero and Southerners to fear abolitionists

Election 1860- Lincoln elected as president; south secedes

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