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AP Biology Syllabus 2019 – 2020Dr. Sullivanbsullivan@madison-Class Overview: AP Biology is a rigorous college level course designed to prepare you for the AP exam in May. Upon successful completion of the AP exam you will earn college credits or will be able to test out of various college courses depending on your college of choice. There is a lot of outside reading and preparation required of you so that you can actively participate in class discussions about the material. PowerPoint slides prepared for and correlated to our textbook are posted on our class website, as well as chapter summaries and reading guides. You will be expected to do work outside of class and to meet with a study group in order to be properly prepared for this class. We must cover approximately 1 chapter per week in order to get through the required material before the exam in May. Study session will be offered from 7:10 – 7:40 on Thursday and Friday mornings when school is in session in my classroom. As we get closer to the AP exam, we will add more review sessions. The AP Exam: Monday May 11, 2020 Mark the date on your calendars now for the 2020 exam. The AP Biology Exam is 3 hours long and includes both a 90-minute multiple-choice section and a 90-minute free-response section that begins with a 10-minute reading period. Each section accounts for approximately half of the exam score. Both sections include questions that assess students’ understanding of the big ideas, enduring understandings, and essential knowledge and the ways in which this understanding can be applied through the science practices. Registration for AP exams will be in the fall. You have to choose soon if you are taking the exam.Required Materials The following textbook and materials should be brought to class daily. In addition to the required materials it is highly recommended that the students purchase a test prep and review book. College Board is reworking the curriculum this summer so you may want to wait on purchasing any review materials as they are changing many of our topics of study. I encourage all who plan to take the AP biology exam to purchase a review guide. Barnes & Nobles has several that you can look at before purchasing the one that fits your needs.Principles of Life, 1st edition Folder or binder to keep materials Notebook(s) dedicated to AP Biology only Composition book with at least 100 sheets/200 pages college-rule for lab reports. You might also use one that is filled with grid paper.Blue or Black Pen 2 or more different colored highlighters Sticky Notes of various sizes and colors Scientific or graphing Calculator approved by College Board Several packs of 3x5 index cards for making flash cardsGraph paper Wish List ItemsDisposable non-latex glovesPaper towelsSanitizing spray or wipesFacial tissueExams At the end of each unit, an exam will be given, which is 50 percent multiple choice/grid-in and 50 percent free response. Unit exams will be completed in two 50 minute class periods and testing time for these exams will be limited just as it is for the AP Biology Exam. There will be a comprehensive final exam at the end of each semester. Final exams will be multiple choice and cumulative in nature. Quizzes At a minimum, one quiz will be given each week. Some quizzes will be announced and others will not. Quizzes will vary in format depending on the topic being covered. Lab & Lab Reports Lab reports are required for each of the recommended Inquiry-Based AP Biology Labs. These reports may include: title, introduction/background information, purpose, hypothesis, procedure, data/results, analysis, question, and conclusion. Students work in pairs to complete lab procedures, but are responsible for turning in individual lab reports. Students are encouraged to produce a high quality report and are given a week from the conclusion of the lab to submit their report. A formal lab write-up for the remaining additional labs are not required. In these cases, student’s lab papers will include pre-lab questions, data/results, analysis, and post-lab questions, which are geared to emphasize the key concepts of the lab. Students may be asked to design an experiment, which they will implement at home. The student will propose, in writing, the scientific question they wish to investigate to the instructor. After question approval, students formulate a hypothesis and design an experiment to test their hypothesis. Experimental designs are then peer-reviewed, redesigned if needed, and conducted by the student out of class. This project gives students a chance to be creative and apply the scientific method to a question they wish to investigate. Students work individually and have four weeks to implement their approved experimental design and write their formal lab report. Homework & Readings An outline of this AP Biology course, which includes assignments and readings for the year, will be given to the students. Additionally, on the last day of each school week, students are reminded of upcoming assignments and due dates for the following week. This information is posted in class and on the AP Biology course website. When appropriate, PDFs of assignments are provided on the website along with links to related references. Homework will take many forms and is designed to help with student understanding of the current unit being studied. Homework assignments for each unit include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following; completion of Major Themes Concept Maps, justify why the answers to the “self-quiz” multiple-choice section at the end of each assigned chapter are correct, answering the “evolution connection” question at the end of each assigned chapter, and answering free-response questions, which are related to the unit. Readings for each unit include chapters from the textbook, which contain information that will be covered. Scientific abstracts and papers are assigned with the purpose of showing how discoveries are made and demonstrate that science is the process. Articles found in science magazines and online news sources are also assigned to promote discussion about social and environmental concerns.Personal Research Project (PRP)With the change in AP biology to include more experimental design and statistical analysis, you will be required to develop and complete a personal research project (PRP). Each student will identify a problem and design an experiment to test solutions of the problem. A schedule for this will be distributed to students as soon as I receive it from Jackson State University. Basic Classroom GuidelinesClassroom ExpectationsStudents are expected to follow all district and school rules. Special rules will be issued for labs. Students are expected to keep their work areas organized and clean. Failure to do so could result in poor participation grades that may lower their overall academic grade in the class. My classroom is also intended to be a safe zone; what I mean by this is that every person involved in my classroom will respect all aspects of the other people in the classroom whether it be race, ethnicity, gender expression, sexual orientation, socio-economic background, age, religion and ability. I encourage all students to speak to me directly or to other teachers and administrators if they feel disrespected or unsafe anywhere at MCHS.As this is a college-level course I expect students to bring a level of maturity and respect to the classroom. Being on time to class, being prepared for class, turning in assignments in a timely manner and paying attention are all important aspects of the learning experience. The use of a device is necessary to this experience, however, the use of cellphones is not. Please bring a computer or tablet to class whether it be personal or a device on loan from the school. I will not allow the use of cellphones unless I have given my permission. Academic HonestyStudents will adhere to the district’s policy on academic integrity. Cheating – According to the MCHs Code of Student Conduct, intentionally using another's work to receive credit or improve grades, plagiarizing, or giving or receiving answers during testing is a violation. Forms of academic dishonesty include but are not limited to: Plagiarism Fabrication Deception Sabotage Cheating ImpersonationThe act of plagiarism is a severe form of cheating which constitutes intellectual theft. Plagiarism occurs when a person passes off someone else’s work as his/her own. Whether a student copies an assignment, downloads a paper from an Internet site, or uses a cut and paste system for creating text, that student has committed plagiarism. All parties to plagiarism are equally guilty, regardless of whether the student gives or receives work. Students who plagiarize will face any or all of the following consequences: First Offense 1. The student’s parent will be contacted. 2. The student will receive an F for the assignment. If the assignment receives multiple grades, the assignment will be given multiple Fs. 3. The student will be referred to the grade level administrator for possible disciplinary action. 4. The student will receive a referral.Second Offense A parent conference with the teacher, counselor and/or an administrator will be required. Additional NotesIf students or parents have any questions about the course please see me before school (see me for a hall pass) or via email. I am happy to discuss with you any questions or concerns you may have regarding the class. If a student wishes to have extra materials for studying I am glad to provide information that can help. Students at this level will be responsible for their own way of learning but I will be glad to guide them if necessary.Late work: Late work will be accepted with point deductions. First 9 weeks – 25 pt reduction per assignment that is late.Second 9 weeks – 50 pt reduction per assignment that is late.Third 9 weeks – 75 pt reduction per assignment that is late.Fourth 9 weeks – no late work will be accepted.It is strongly recommended that you attend class every day in a timely fashion. Excessive lateness or absences will make it very difficult for you to keep up with the workload of this course. If you have an excused absence, it is your responsibility to makeup all assignments. “I was absent” is not an excuse for missing an assignment. If you foresee any problems submitting work on time let me know before the due date. Please discuss missed work with me as soon as you return to school. See me at break to get the missing assignments. Work done during absences is due one day after your return to class. You must also make arrangements to make up any labs, quizzes or tests as soon as you return to school.Pacing Guide for AP Biology 2019-2020Unit 1 - Chemistry of life8-11% of the AP ExamBig Idea 2 (ENE), Big Idea 3 (IST), Big Idea 4 (SYI)Topics:1.1 Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding POL Concepts 2.1, 2.1Extra Investigation - Properties of Water LabPOGIL - Properties of WaterBuffalo Case Study - Do Grasshoppers Sweat?Data Nugget - Can Biochar Improve Crop Yields?Bozeman Science - Water: A Polar MoleculeBozeman Science - Water and Life1.2 Elements of Life POL Concepts 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2Bozeman Science - The Molecules of Life1.3 Introduction to Biological Macromolecules POL Concepts 2.2Extra Investigation - Identification of Macromolecules LabBozeman Science - Polymers1.4 Properties of Biological Macromolecules POL Concepts 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2Buffalo Case Study - Curious Mars Mission: Making Macromolecules?1.5 Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules POL Concepts 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1, 9.2Activity - Protein FoldingPOGIL - Protein FoldingBuffalo Case Study - The Biochemistry of Curly and Straight Hair1.6 Nucleic AcidsPOL Concept 3.1Bozeman Science - Nucleic AcidsBozeman Science - DNA and RNA Parts 1 and 2Unit 2 - Cell Structure and Function10-13% of the AP ExamBig Idea 1 (EVO), Big Idea 2 (ENE), Big Idea 4 (SYI)Topics:2.1 Cell Structure: Subcellular ComponentsPOL Concepts 4.3, 4.4Bozeman Science - Tour of the CellBozeman Science - Compartmentalization 2.2 Cell Structure and FunctionPOL Concepts 4.3, 4.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.5, 6.6Bozeman Science - EukaryaBozeman Science - Cellular Organelles2.3 Cell SizePOL Concepts 4.1, 4.3Investigation 4 - Ward’s Cell Processes: Diffusion and OsmosisBozeman Science - Environmental Matter ExchangeBozeman Science - Why Are Cells Small?2.4 Plasma MembranesPOL Concept 5.1Extra Investigation - Bubble LabBozeman Science - Cell Membranes2.5 Membrane PermeabilityPOL Concept 5.1, 5.2, 4.5POGIL - Membrane FunctionBuffalo Case Study - Wrestling with Weight LossBuffalo Case Study - Agony and Ecstasy Bozeman Science - Transport Across Membranes2.6 Membrane TransportPOL Concepts 5.2, 5.3, 5.4POGIL - Membrane Function Cont. 2.7 Facilitated DiffusionPOL Concepts 5.2, 5.3, 34.22.8 TonicityPOL Concepts 5.2, 25.3, 36.1Buffalo Case Study - Water Can Kill?Bozeman Science - Water Potential2.9 Mechanisms of TransportPOL Concepts 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.42.10 Cell CompartmentalizationPOL Concepts 4.1, 4.32.11 Origins of Cell CompartmentalizationPOL Concepts 4.2, 4.3, 20.1Unit 3 - Cellular Energetics12-16% of the AP ExamBig Idea 2 (ENE), Big Idea 4 (SYI)Topics:3.1 Enzyme StructurePOL Concept 3.3Bozeman Science - Enzymes3.2 Enzyme CatalysisPOL Concept 3.4Extra Investigation - HHMI “Milk - How Sweet Is It?”3.3 Environmental Impacts on Enzyme FunctionPOL Concept 3.4Investigation 13 - BioRad’s Biofuel Enzyme Activity (Also related to 3.7)3.4 Cellular EnergyPOL Concepts 3.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.4Bozeman Science - ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate Bozeman Science - Coupled Reactions3.5 PhotosynthesisPOL Concepts 6.4, 6.5, 6.6Investigation 5/6 - Photosynthesis with BioRad’s Algal BeadsExtra Investigation - Leaf Punch LabPOGIL - PhotosynthesisData Nugget - Urbanization and Estuary EutrophicationBozeman Science - Photosynthesis and Cellular RespirationBozeman Science - Photosynthesis 3.6 Cellular RespirationPOL Concepts 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4Investigation 5/6 - Cellular Respiration with BioRad’s Algal BeadsPOGIL - Cellular Respiration - An OverviewBuffalo Case Study - Mystery of the 7 DeathsBuffalo Case Study - A Diet to Die ForBozeman Science - Cellular RespirationBozeman Science - Importance of OxygenBozeman Science - Anaerobic Respiration3.7 FitnessPOL Concepts 5.1, 6.5, 12.3, 15.6Data Nugget - Growing Energy: Comparing Biofuel Crop BiomassData Nugget - Fertilizing Biofuels May Cause Release of Greenhouse GasesData Nugget - The Ground Has GasInvestigation 13 - BioRad’s Biofuel Enzyme Activity (Also related to 3.3)Unit 4 - Cell Communication and Cell Cycle10-15% of the AP ExamBig Idea 2 (ENE), Big Idea 3 (IST)Topics:4.1 Cell CommunicationPOL Concepts 4.5, 5.5, 5.6POGIL - Cellular CommunicationBozeman Science - Evolutionary Significance of Cell CommunicationBozeman Science - Cell Communication4.2 Introduction to Signal TransductionPOL Concepts 5.5, 5.6Extra Investigation - BioRad’s Science of Opioid Dependence (Also related to 4.3 and 4.4)Bozeman Science - Signal Transduction PathwaysBozeman Science - Effects of Pathways4.3 Signal TransductionPOL Concepts 5.5, 5.6, 7.5, 14.2, 34.4Extra Investigation - BioRad’s Science of Opioid Dependence (Also related to 4.2 and 4.4)Activity - HHMI Biochemistry and Cell Signaling Pathway of the Mc1r Gene (in Rock Pocket Mice)Bozeman Science - Plant ControlBozeman Science - Plant and Animal Defense 4.4 Changes in Signal Transduction PathwaysPOL Concepts 5.5, 5.6Extra Investigation - BioRad’s Science of Opioid Dependence (Also related to 4.2 and 4.3)Activity - Learn Genetics Utah: Mouse PartyBuffalo Case Study - My Dog is Broken4.5 FeedbackPOL Concepts 1.2, 3.4, 6.4, 29.6Bozeman Science - Homeostatic LoopsBozeman Science - Positive and Negative Feedback Loops4.6 Cell CyclePOL Concepts 7.2, 7.3Investigation 7 - Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis (Also related to 5.1)Bozeman Science - Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis4.7 Regulation of Cell CyclePOL Concepts 7.3, 7.5Unit 5 - Heredity8-11% of the AP ExamBig Idea 1 (EVO), Big Idea 3 (IST), Big Idea 4 (SYI)Topics:5.1 MeiosisPOL Concept 7.4Investigation 7 - Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis (Also related to 4.6)5.2 Meiosis and Genetic DiversityPOL Concept 7.45.3 Mendelian GeneticsPOL Concepts 4.3, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.3Buffalo Case Study: Those Old Kentucky BluesBozeman Science - Mendelian GeneticsBozeman Science - Genotypes and Phenotypes5.4 Non-Mendelian GeneticsPOL Concepts 8.2, 8.3 Bozeman Science - Genetic Recombination and Gene MappingBozeman Science - Advanced Genetics5.5 Environmental Effects on PhenotypePOL Concepts 8.2, 29.5Data Nugget - Salmon in Hot WaterData Nugget - Why So Blue? The Determinants in Color Patterns in Killifish - Parts 1 and 2Bozeman Science - Genotype Expression5.6 Chromosomal InheritancePOL Concepts 7.4, 8.1 Unit 6 - Gene Expression and Regulation12-16% of the AP ExamBig Idea 3 (IST)Topics:6.1 DNA and RNA StructurePOL Concepts 3.1, 8.4, 9.1Bozeman Science - DNA and RNA Parts 1 and 26.2 ReplicationsPOL Concept 9.2Bozeman Science - Meselson-Stahl Experiment6.3 Transcription and RNA ProcessingPOL Concepts 10.1, 10.2, 10.4Bozeman Science - Transcription and Translation6.4 TranslationPOL Concepts 10.3, 10.4, 11.26.5 Regulation of Gene ExpressionPOL Concepts 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4POGIL - Control of Gene Expression in ProkaryotesData Nugget - Gene Expression in Stem CellsBozeman Science - EpigeneticsBozeman Science - X InactivationBozeman Science - Signal Transmission and Gene ExpressionBozeman Science - Operon6.6 Gene Expression and Cell SpecializationPOL Concepts 11.1, 11.2Bozeman Science - Gene Regulation6.7 MutationsPOL Concepts 7.4, 8.2, 9.3, 10.3, 10.4, 15.2Activity - HHMI Molecular Genetics of Color Mutations in Rock Pocket MiceBozeman Science - Mutations6.8 BiotechnologyPOL Concepts 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4Investigation 8 - Biotechnology: BioRad’s pGLO Bacterial TransformationBuffalo Case Study - The Canadian Canola ControversyBozeman Science - Mechanisms That Increase Genetic VariationBozeman Science - Molecular BiologyBozeman Science - DNA FingerprintingBozeman Science - What is CRISPR?Unit 7 - Natural Selection13-20% of the AP ExamBig Idea 1 (EVO), Big Idea 4 (SYI)Topics:7.1 Introduction to Natural SelectionPOL Concepts 1.4, 15.1, 15.2Data Nugget - Why are Butterfly Wings Colorful?Data Nugget - Dangerous Aquatic Prey: Can Predators Adapt to Toxic Algae?Bozeman Science - Natural SelectionBozeman Science - Aposematic Coloration7.2 Natural SelectionPOL Concepts 1.4, 14.4, 14.5, 15.1, 15.2, 15.4, 15.5Activity - HHMI Natural Selection and Evolution of Rock Pocket Mouse PopulationsActivity - HHMI Developing an Explanation for Mouse Fur ColorData Nugget - Sexy SmellsBozeman Science - Examples of Natural Selection7.3 Artificial SelectionPOL Concepts 15.2, 16.1, 16.2Investigation 1 - Artificial Selection with Wisconsin Fast Plants (Carolina)Bozeman Science - Selection7.4 Population GeneticsPOL Concepts 15.2, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6Data Nugget - Hold On For Your Life - Parts 1 and 2Data Nugget - Winter is Coming! Can You Handle the Freeze?Bozeman Science - Evolution ContinuesBozeman Science - Genetic DriftBozeman Science - Population Variation7.5 Hardy-Weinberg EquilibriumPOL Concepts 15.1, 15.3Investigation 2 - Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-WeinbergActivity - HHMI Allele and Phenotype Frequencies in Rock Pocket Mouse PopulationsBozeman Science - Solving Hardy-Weinberg Equations7.6 Evidence of EvolutionPOL Concepts 1.4, 15.1, 15.5, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3Data Nugget - What Big Teeth You Have! Sexual Selection in Rhesus macaquesBozeman Science - Evidence for EvolutionBozeman Science - Comparing DNA Sequences7.7 Common AncestryPOL Concepts 1.4, 15.5, 16.1, 16.2Bozeman Science - Essential Characteristics of Life7.8 Continuing EvolutionPOL Concepts 1.4, 14.1, 14.4, 14.5, 15.2, 15.5, 15.7, 16.1, 43.4Bozeman Science - Cellular Variation7.9 PhylogenyPOL Concepts 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 41.4Investigation 3 - Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships with BLASTBozeman Science - Phylogenies7.10 SpeciationPOL Concepts 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 18.3Data Nugget - Are You My Species?Bozeman Science - Speciation7.11 ExtinctionPOL Concepts 18.2, 18.3, 41.5, 44.2, 44.5Bozeman Science - Speciation and Extinction7.12 Variations in PopulationsPOL Concepts 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, 44.3Data Nugget - Is It Better to Be Bigger?Data Nugget - Is It Dangerous to be a Showoff?Bozeman Science - Stickleback Evolution7.13 Origin of Life on EarthPOL Concepts 1.1, 1.4, 2.5, 18.1, 18.3, 19.1, 19.2Bozeman Science - Origin of LifeBozeman Science - AbiogenesisUnit 8 - Ecology10-15% of the AP ExamBig Idea 1 (EVO), Big Idea 2 (ENE), Big Idea 3 (IST), Big Idea 4 (SYI)Topics:8.1 Response to the EnvironmentPOL Concepts 11.3, 15.1, 15.2, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 40.5, 40.6Investigation 11 - Transpiration (Also related to 8.4)Investigation 12 - Insect Behavior (Also related to 8.4)Data Nugget - Finding Nemo: Parental Care in the Clown AnemonefishData Nugget - To Bee or Not to Bee AggressiveData Nugget - How the Cricket Lost Its Song - Parts 1 and 2Data Nugget - Clique Wars: Social Conflict in Daffodil CichlidsData Nugget - How Do Brain Chemicals Influence Who Wins a Fight?Bozeman Science - Response to External EnvironmentsBozeman Science - Mechanisms of Timing and ControlBozeman Science - Animal BehaviorBozeman Science - Information ExchangeBozeman Science - NicheBozeman Science - Behavior and Natural SelectionBozeman Science - Cooperative Interactions8.2 Energy Flow Through EcosystemsPOL Concepts 29.1, 29.2, 29.3, 43.2, 43.3, 44.1, 44.3Investigation 10 - Energy Dynamics (Dry Lab)Buffalo Case Study - Monarchs and MilkweedBuffalo Case Study - Mystery in AlaskaBuffalo Case Study - Fish as FertilizerData Nugget - Fair Traders or FreeloadersBozeman Science - EcosystemsBozeman Science - Energy Flow in EcosystemsBozeman Science - Environmental Matter ExchangeBozeman Science - Biogeochemical Cycle 8.3 Population EcologyPOL Concepts 42.1, 42.2, 42.3, 42.4Buffalo Case Study - A Deadly PassionBuffalo Case Study - Exaggerated Traits and Breeding Success in WidowbirdsBozeman Science - PopulationsBozeman Science - Exponential Growth8.4 Effect of Density on PopulationsPOL Concepts 42.1, 42.2Investigation 11 - Transpiration (Also related to 8.1)Investigation 12 - Insect Behavior (Also related to 8.1)Bozeman Science - r and K SelectionBozeman Science - Logistic Growth8.5 Community EcologyPOL Concepts 44.1, 44.2, 44.3, 44.4, 44.5Bozeman Science - CommunitiesBozeman Science - SuccessionBozeman Science - Ecosystem Change8.6 BiodiversityPOL Concepts 41.1, 43.1, 43.2, 43.3, 43.4, 44.1, 44.2, 45.1Buffalo Case Study - The Return of Canis lupus?Data Nugget - Bringing Back the Trumpeter SwanBozeman Science - Biodiversity8.7 Disruption to EcosystemsPOL Concepts 15.2, 41.3, 41.5, 43.3, 44.1, 44.2, 44.3, 45.1, 45.2, 45.3, 45.4, 45.5, 45.6 Buffalo Case Study - You Poured It Where?Data Nugget - City Parks: Wildlife Islands in a Sea of CementData Nugget - Bye, Bye Birdie - Parts 1 and 2Data Nugget - Invasion MeltdownData Nugget - When a Species Can’t Stand the HeatData Nugget - Does a Partner in Crime Make It Easier to Invade?Data Nugget - Lizards, Iguanas, and Snakes! Oh my!Data Nugget - Make Way for MummichogsBozeman Science - Global Climate ChangeExtra CreditThis does not exist on the college level. As this is a college class, there will be no extra credit given. Acknowledgement AP Biology Syllabus To the student and their parent(s)/guardian(s): I am excited about this new school year, and I will do everything I can to make this a productive and enjoyable year together of learning and discovery in AP Biology! With that goal in mind, I have created the preceding syllabus and classroom policies/expectations to help keep everything running smoothly. I believe if we are all on the “same page” and work together, we can make this the best possible learning experience for everyone. Please sign below to acknowledge that you have read the AP Biology Syllabus and understand the classroom policies and expectations for this class. Return next class. Student: Name (please print): ______________________________________________ Signature: ______________________________________ Date: _________________ Parent/Guardian: Name (please print): ______________________________________________ Signature: ______________________________________ Date: _________________ Contact Information: If you would like me to be able to contact you, please provide a telephone number and e-mail addressPhone # (_______)___________-_________________Email __________________________@_____________________________________ ................
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