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Candidate Name:Sarah OrtegaCandidate Number:0606Centre Number:US799Somerset Academy CanyonsApril 2020Component 3 - ScriptQuestion:To what extent are vaccinations essential to controlling global epidemics?Subtopic:Social/Cultural PerspectiveWord Count:1,259Slide 1: IntroductionHello, my name is Sarah Ortega, candidate number 0606, centre number US799, and today I will be discussing the topic ‘To what extent are vaccinations essential to controlling global epidemics?’ from a social/cultural perspective. My group members Sophia Gnisci, Rachael Thaler, Sydney Prokes, and Natasha Hunter will be assessing the political, economic, ethical, and technological perspectives respectively. Slide 2: What are epidemics and vaccines?First, let’s establish what is meant by an ‘epidemic’ and a ‘vaccine.’ According to the Centers for a Dis- Disease Control and Prevention, an epidemic is an “increase...in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population of that area.” A famous example of an epidemic is during the sixteenth century when smallpox eliminated the majority of the Native American population in North America. To combat epidemics, vaccines were created. Vaccines are a weakened strain of a disease that is inserted either orally or through injection. This strain activates the body’s immune system and allows for a quick response next time the body is infected with the same pathogen. You can see here on this graph the success rate of the smallp- smallpox vaccine since the mass vaccination campaign implemented by the World Health Organization. The cases reported significantly decreased until its eventual eradication in 1980.Slide 3: Why are vaccines a social issue?Every year, small- epidemics infect the general population of third world countries and lead to economic distress and political instability. An estimated 3 million people die from vaccine-preventable diseases annually. Parents in developed countries deny their children vac- immunizations because of misinformation and a lack of confidence in medical professionals. This poses a threat to children who medically cannot receive vaccines due to health reasons, such as allergies. Some cultures also view vaccines as unnecessary characteristics of Western healing; many Christians and Muslims prefer natural medicines. Slide 4: Epidemics in the United StatesIn the United States, 2 major outbreaks of measles have occurred within the past five years. In January 2015, a tourist carrying the measles pathogen visited Disneyland in Anaheim, California. The disease quickly spread to neighboring states, with a total of 667 cases reported by June 2015. Of the 110 California cases, 45% were unvaccinated and 47% did not have a documented vaccination status. In 2019, another case of measles broke out that resulted in 980 cases being reported. The communities most affected by the disease were mostly populated by unvaccinated children and adults. New York alone experienced 155 cases amongst their population of Orthodox Jews, a religion in which numerous members reject main-stream medicine. Here on this map, you can see the distribution of cases during the 2019 outbreak.Slide 5: Vaccines in the United States Parents in the United States are reluctant to immunize their children due to fear of side effec- side effects. Children receive the majority of their vaccine injections between the ages of 1 and a half to 3 years old. Autistic children begin expressing trait- traits of autism during this same period, which causes many parents to correlate vaccines with the development of autism. Certified doctors, however, have not found substantial evidence to support this belief. Furthermore, parents lack basic knowledge about vaccines. In a survey conducted by the National Network for Immunization Information, 1 600 parents stated they would not allow their children to receive the HPV vaccine until they obtained more information. The media’s influence in the United States also plays a major role; anti-vaccination websites often criticize the number of vaccines children in public schools are required to receive. This encourages a lack of faith in medical professionals and an increased vaccine hesitancy.Slide 6: Epidemics in AfghanistanThe World Health Organization is currently campaigning in Afghanistan as a response to recent polio outbreaks. Afghanistan is one in only three countries who still experience polio epidemics. The WHO has successfully immunized 9.9 million children and has successfully established 15 border camps to immunize refugees from neighboring countries. However, 8% of the campaign is con- considered to be a failure, with 42,780 children left unvaccinated during the mos- during the most recent immunization attempts. On this map, you can see the regions where immunization is not implemented. The areas in red are the regions where vaccines are fully inaccessible. Slide 7: Vaccines in AfghanistanFrom the WHO’s campaign, 16,171 children were not vaccinated due to parental uncertainty. Many Afghans reject vaccines because they fear Western culture; they believe Americans use vaccines as a ploy to sterilize and/or control the muslim population. In 2008, for instance, the United States used a vaccine campaign as a cover to search for Osama bin Laden. As a result, this discredited the present and any future campaigns conducted in Afghanistan and increased tension between Western and Islamic culture. Reluctance to immunize children is also associated with a lack of general knowledge regarding vaccines and how they work. A focus group led by the WHO suggested some parents believe vaccines compel children to demonstrate bad behavior and that vaccines are composed of pig urine. Religious values within the Quran further indicate injections of living microorganisms as strictly forbidden. There is an overall lack of confidence in the effectiveness of vaccines that discourages immunization; it has been nearly twenty years since the start of the WHO’s campaign, and polio cases are still being reported.Slide 8: Epidemics in NigeriaNigeria experiences epidemics of vaccine-preventable diseases annually. In May 2019, cases of yellow fever began to appear in southeastern Nigeria. Throughout the duration of 2019 alone, over 2,000 cases have been reported, with 26 deaths total. Those infected were most likely to be unvaccinated children under the age of 10. As a response to recent outbreaks, Nigeria launched a vaccine campaign. Despite this, only 56% of the Nigerian population experience immunization coverage. In addition, approximately 14,518 cases of meningitis are- were reported from December 2016 through June 2017. Meningitis can potentially have a 50% mortality rate depending on the given treatment. Slide 9: Vaccines in NigeriaMany diseases in Nigeria spread rapidly because of low immunization coverage. Nigerians with a low soc- social status do not possess substantial health care programs; for instance, less than 1% of infants in Jigawa are fully immunized. Religious values are also major determinants in receiving vaccines. Only 24.2% of Nigerian Christians and 8.8% of Nigerian Muslims um- have vaccine assurance. These religions frown up the use of vaccines because it reflects Western healing and consequently Western culture. People inhabiting the nor- northeastern Nigerian states believe vaccines cause sterility in females and are used to control the population. This fear, along with vaccine depreciation, contributes to thousands perishing from avoidable diseases.Slide 10: SolutionA solution to the controversy regarding vaccine refusal is the implementation of a culturally fluid vaccination program that is adaptable to varying religious values and social customs. An explanation of how vaccines work with respect to one’s customs and beliefs ensures a greater understanding and tolerance of vaccines’ purpose. By eliminating Western culture from immunization campaigns, vaccines can be simply identified and viewed as a medical resource. An example of this solution in action is the Dakar Declaration on Vaccinations. This is an official document approved by a number of African Muslim scholars and medical professionals. It highlights the importance of vaccines through direct excerpts of the Quran and denies any statements claiming vaccines are forbidden. It also disproves any misconceptions and popular fears associated with vaccines, such as sterility. Slide 11: ConclusionThe presence of vaccines contributes to the limitation and control of global epidemics. However, social issues such as poor education and religious beliefs handicap vaccination programs. Developing countries provide diverse and individual barriers that must be overcome in order to eradicate fatal diseases and global epidemics with it. Thank you and here are my sources.Works Cited: Centers for Disease Control and Protection. Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice. May 18, 2012. Accessed: September 19, 2019. , Hongxuan. Current Issues in Molecular Virology - Viral Genetics and Biotechnological Applications. November 20, 2013. Accessed: September 19, 2019. Action Coalition. Vaccine Timeline. February 13, 2019. Accessed: October 16, 2019 Ventola, C. Lee. Immunization in the United States: Recommendations, Barriers, and Measures to Improve Compliance. July 2016. Accessed: October 1, 2019. for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles Outbreak - California, December 2014-February 2015. February 20, 2015. Accessed: October 17, 2019. , Haroon. Afghan clerics in talks with Isis to break polio vaccine myths. March 27, 2018. Accessed: September 17, 2019. , Weiyi et al. Largest U.S. Measle Outbreak in 25 Years Surpasses 980 Cases. June 3, 2019. Accessed: October 2, 2019. , Varun K, et al. Association Between Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States. March 15, 2016. Accessed: October 17, 2019. The World Health Organization. Polio Quarterly: 2/2018 Afghanistan. May/June 2018. Accessed: October 2, 2019. , Endurance et al. Current Trends of Immunization in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges. June 2014. Accessed: September 25, 2019. World Health Organization. Yellow Fever - Nigeria. September 26, 2019. Accessed: October 2, 2019. World Health Organization. Lassa Fever - Nigeria. February 14, 2019. Accessed: October 17, 2019. Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. Meningitis. April 9, 2019. Accessed: October 17, 2019. , Mohamed et al. Dakar Declaration on Vaccines. 2017. Accessed: September 25, 2019. ................
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