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4895850000PAPER 3 Answer BookletWeimar and Nazi Germany1919 - 1939For your exam, you will need to revise Germany 1918-39.You need to know what the following words mean, and how to spell them correctly:DolchstossFuhrerReichstagReichswehrSturmabteilungVolksgemeinschaftFreikorpsSchutzstaffelMake sure you know about:Weimar Republic – After WWI and Treaty of VersaillesHitler’s rise to power after 1919Life in Nazi Germany The Weimar Republic, 1918-1929:End of WWI and creation of the Weimar RepublicQuestionAnswerMarkWhen was the Armistice signed? [1]11th November 1918Who led Germany during World War One? [1]Kaiser Wilhelm IIWho devised the fourteen-point plan? [1]Woodrow WilsonWhat was the fourteen- points? [1]Basis of what the peace terms should be likeWhat is a coalition government? [1]A government made up of 2 or more partiesName the party who won the most votes in the first election of the Weimar Republic [2]SDP – social democratic partyWho was the first President and who was the first Chancellor of Weimar Republic? [2]President Friedrich EbertChancellor Phillip ScheidemannWhat was the Reichstag? How often were they elected? [2]The parliament where the members were elected every 4 yearsName two powers the President had under Weimar constitution [2]Select the ChancellorArticle 48 – laws without permission from the Reichstag in time of troubleWho could vote in the elections in Germany after 1919? [1]Men and women over the age of 20Treaty of Versailles, 1919QuestionAnswerMarkWhat was Proportional Representation? [1]The number of votes won in an election determines the number of seats eg. 10% of votes = 10% of seatsWhy was Proportional Representation a problem? [2]Produced a large amount of different partiesHard to gain a majority in the ReichstagWho were the ‘Big Three’ who decided the Treaty of Versailles? [6]Woodrow Wilson (USA)George Clemenceau (France)David Lloyd George (Britain) Who was determined to punish Germany severely? Why? [2]FranceExperienced the worst of WWI fighting and destructionWhat is Article 231? [1]The War Guilt Clause What land did Germany lose as a result of the Treaty of Versailles? [4]All colonies, Alsace-Lorraine returned to FranceSaarland controlled by the League of NationsPolish corridor to PolandGive three examples of the military terms of the Treaty [3]Army limited to 100,000 menNo tanks, submarines, aircraft – limited to 6 battleshipsRhineland demilitarisedWhat are reparations? How much? [2]Payment made to the allies for the cost of war?6.6 billionWhat was the ‘stab in the back’ (Dolchstoss) theory? [1]The Weimar government were accused of stabbing the military in the back by signing the peace treatyWho resigned as a result of the dictated peace (Diktat)? [1]Chancellor Phillip ScheidemannChallenges to the Republic from the Left and RightQuestionAnswerMarkWhy did unrest spread in Germany in 1919-32? [3] Forced democracyFood shortages due to British blockadeInflation beginningImpact of the Bolshevik (Communist) RevolutionWhy did the army agree to support the new government in late 1918? [1]Feared a possible communist revolutionWho led the Spartacist Uprising? [2]Karl LiebknechtRosa LuxemburgWhen was the Spartacist Uprising? [1]6th January 1919The Spartacists were put down by the regular army and the Freikorps. Who were the Ferikorps? [1]Private armies of ex-soldiers set up at the end of WWI by Senior German Army officersWhy did the Freikorps join with Wolfgang Kapp and revolt in 1920?The Weimar government announced measures to reduce the army and disband the Freikorps Where were the government forced to move to as a result of the Kapp Putsch? [1]Dresden then StuttgartWhy did the Kapp Putsch, 1920 fail? [1]Trade unions and civil servants supported the Weimar governmentWhat is the German name for the army? [1]ReichswehrWho led a Putsch in Munich in November 1923? [1]Adolf HitlerThe Challenges of 1923QuestionAnswerMarkWhy did the French invade the Ruhr in Jan 1923? [1]The Germans failed to make a reparations payment of ?100 millionWhat did the Weimar government do to pay the workers in the Ruhr? [1]Print more money to pay them wagesWhat was passive resistance? [1]Opposing those in power by not co-operating eg. Workers going on strikeWhy did the German people unite against the French? [1]Protests turned violent and the French shot some strikersWhat is Hyperinflation? [1]Extremely high inflation where the value of money plummets and becomes almost worthlessWho suffered most due to hyperinflation? [1]Those with savings or with a fixed incomeWhy did hyperinflation benefit farmers? [1]Food shortages led to higher food prices which helped farmers incomeWhy did hyperinflation benefit businessmen? [1]If they borrowed money from banks they could easily pay off their debtsWho became Chancellor in 1923 for 102 days? [1]Gustav StresemannWhat did he do to stop hyperinflation? [2]Introduced a new currency (the Rentenmark)Gained loans for USAThe Recovery of the Weimar Republic, 1924-29QuestionAnswerMarkWho was responsible for the German recovery? [1]Gustav StresemannWhat was the Dawes Plan, 1924? [2]Reorganised Germany’s reparation paymentsUSA load of 800 million gold marksWhat was the Young Plan of 1929? [2]Reduced reparations by 50%Gave Germany the next 59 years to payWhy was the economic recovery unstable? [1]It depended on the USA and the loans they have given GermanyWhat was the Locarno Pact, 1925? [1]Confirmed the borders between Germany and France/BelgiumWhat was the 1928 pact called were Germany agreed not to go to war? [1]Kellogg-Briand PactWhat year did Germany join the League of Nations? 1926Who was the main political party in the Reichstag during this time? [2]SPD – Social Democratic Party Give three examples of cultural changes in Germany, 1924-29? [3]Women became independent eg. Make-up, workFilm, theatre, cinemaLiteratureHow popular were the Nazis during 1924-29? [2]There was little support for extreme parties eg. Nazis only won 12 seats in the 1928 electionHitler’s rise to power, 1919-1933:Hitler and the Nazi Party during the 1920sQuestionAnswerMarkWhat year did Hitler take over the German Workers Party? [1]1921Name three points from the 25 point programme, 1920 [3]Destroy the Treaty of VersaillesDestroy communismWithdrawal of Jewish citizenshipIn 1923, the Nazis attempted to seize control. What was this rebellion called?The Munich PutschWhat group were set up to protect Nazi meetings and disrupt their enemies? [2]The SA – Sturmabteilung (Brown shirts)Why did the Putsch fail? [3]Leaders of Bavaria withdrew their supportNazis lacked weaponry Lacked public supportWhat happened to Hitler after the Putsch? [1]He was tried for treason and spent 9 months in prisonWhat did Hitler do while he was in prison? [1]He wrote ‘Mein Kampf’ which set out his ideasWhy could the Putsch be seen as a long-term success? [1]Hitler and the Nazis became well-known and their popularity grewWhat major change did Hitler make to the tactics of the Nazi Party? [1]To gain power through legal political means rather than through violenceWho was appointed head of propaganda towards the end of 1920s? [1]Josef GoebbelsHitler becomes Chancellor in 1933QuestionAnswerMarkWhy did the 1929 Wall Street Crash led to economic depression? [1]The USA recalled all loans causing serious problems in Germany since their recovery depended on these loansWhat was the amount of unemployment in Germany as a result? [1]6 millionWhy was the crash a disaster for the Weimar government? [2]The seemed unable to deal with the problemTaxes increased by businesses couldn’t afford themWages and benefits were cutWhat did Goebbels and the Nazis use to gain support [1]PropagandaWhy did rich industrialists and small businesses support the Nazis? [1]They feared they would lose all their money in a communist revolutionHow did the SA help gain support for the Nazis? [2]SA intimidated other political partiesProvided protection from the communists In 1932, Hitler lost the Presidential election. To who and by how many votes? [2]Hindenburg 19 million to 16 millionJuly 1932, the Nazis won 230 seats in the Reichstag, why Hitler not made Chancellor? Who was? [2]Hindenburg distrusted HitlerVon Paper was appointed insteadWho was made Chancellor in Dec 1932 despite lacking any real support? [1]Kurt Von SchleicherWhy was Hitler eventually given the position of Chancellor? [1]Hindenburg believed he could control Hitler but they had underestimated him.Nazi Control and Dictatorship, 1933-1939:Creation of a Dictatorship, 1933-34QuestionAnswerMarkWhat was the Reichstag Fire? When did it happen? [2]27th Feb 1933The Reichstag building burnt down by a communistHow did the Nazis use this to their advantage? [2]Hitler convinced Hindenburg to pass the ‘Law for the Protection of the State’Over 4,000 communists were arrestedWhat was the Enabling Act and when was it passed? [2]24th March 1933Power to pass laws without the Reichstag or President thus destroying the Weimar ConstitutionWhy did the Centre Party agree to support them? [1]The Nazis agreed to respect the rights of the Catholic ChurchWhat groups did the Nazis ban after the Enabling Act? [3]Trade UnionsCommunistsAll other political partiesWhen was the Night of Long Knives? What was it? [2]29-30th June 1934Hitler removed any rival to his powere by arresting and shooting over 100 SA leaders, including RohmWhy was Hitler worried about the SA? [1]Hitler became increasingly concerned about the power of Rohm and the SAHow did the Night of Long Knives gain support from the Army? [1]The army didn’t like the SA as they wanted to become the main military force and thought they were violent thugsWhat happened on 2nd Aug 1934 to give Hitler total control? [1]President Hindenburg died removing the last obstacle to Hitler’s total controlThe German Army swore an oath of loyalty to HitlerWhat position did Hitler create for himself in Aug 1934? [1]Fuhrer (leader) – merged position of Chancellor and PresidentPolice State, Religion and Opposition to the Nazis, 1930sQuestionAnswerMarkNazi Germany was considered a Police State. What is a police state? [1]People could not criticise the government by law. People were terrified of being arrested and trials were unfairWhat was the SS? [1]Led by Himmler and totally loyal to HitlerThe SS controlled the concentration campsWhat was the Gestapo?Secret police force – tapped phones and read mailA network of informers would report on neighboursWhat was the Concordat?An agreement between Hitler and the Pope agreeing to leave the Catholic Church aloneWhat was the name of the organisation set up by Protestant supports? [1]‘Reich Church’The Confessional Church was set up by Bonhoffer and who? What did they do? [2]Martin NiemollerSpoke out against the Nazis and were sent to concentration campsWho were the teenagers that were influenced by American jazz music? [1]Swing Youth – the Nazis accused them of being un-German and broke up their meetingsWho were teenagers who hated Nazi control? What did the Nazis do to them? [2]Edelweiss PiratesNazis hang their leaders and sent others to concentration campsWho were the White Rose movement? What happened to their leaders [2]University students that handed out leaflets spreading anti-Nazi messages. Their leaders were arrested and executedWhat was the name of the failed bomb plot to kill Hitler? [1]Stauggenberg Bomb Plot (July Bomb Plot)Control of Nazi Germany: Propaganda, censorship and cultureQuestionAnswerMarkHow did the Nazis control newspapers? [1]Newspapers only printed stories that support the Nazis and any that refused were closed down (1,500 in 1934)How did the Nazis use radios to maintain control? [1]Nazis took over all radio broadcasting so they could reach a mass audience. They produced cheap radios that could not pick up foreign broadcasts.The Nazis used large rallies to present an image of order and control Germans. What was the largest rally? [1]NurembergWho was in charge of propaganda/censorship in Nazi Germany? [1]Josef GoebbelsWhat were common themes of Nazi propaganda? [3]Strength of the Nazis and greatness of HitlerSuperiority of Aryans/Anti-SemitismWhat organisation did all musicians, artists, writers and architects have to join? [1]Reich Chamber of CultureWhat music was people encouraged to listen to? What type of music was banned? [2]Encouraged = traditional folk songs and classical musicBanned = Inferior music by Jewish composers and jazz because it was Black AmericanWhat did the Nazis do to some literature? Why? [2]Books written by Jewish authors were burntSo they couldn’t poison German mindsWhy was Berlin Olympics 1936 a propaganda success? [1]Germany won the most medalsWho almost spoilt the Olympics for Hitler? How? [2]Jesse Owens – Black American who won 4 medals (including 100m) and broke 11 world recordsLife in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939:Life in Nazi Germany: Women and Children QuestionAnswerMarkWhat was the ideal appearance for women? [1]Nazis believed in a traditional natural appearance of women – long hair, no make-up and long skirts. They discouraged smoking and drinkingWhat jobs were women supposed to do in Nazi Germany? [2]Mother and wife was the aim - Nazis reduced the number of women in employment. Rearmament in 1937 brought women back into the workforce. How did the Nazis encourage marriage and children? [2]Law for the Encouragement of MarriageGave 1,000 marks and could keep 25% for each child they have.What was the ‘Lebensborn’ programme? [1]Women could ‘donate’ a baby to the Fuhrer by getting pregnant by racially pure SS menWhat were girls taught at school? [1]Girls were taught their most important role in society was as a wife and mother from an early ageWhat were boys taught at school? [1]More academic subjects but with Nazi bias & PE so they will be strong soldiersHow were teachers forced to follow the Nazi rules on education? [1]All teachers had to join the Nazi Party and would lose their jobs if they refusedHow did the Nazi’s try to control the youth outside of school? [1]Youth Groups - in 1939, membership was made compulsory (5.4 million in 1936 & 8 million in 1939)What did the boys do in the Hitler Youth? [4]Prepared for military service – fitness drills, shooting practice, map-reading, signalling, digging trenches and lessons in Aryan superiority.What did the girls do in the League of German Maidens? [3]Prepared for motherhood by teaching domestic skills. They were taught how to make beds, cook, look after babies and fitness exercises.Life in Nazi Germany: Employment and Living Standards QuestionAnswerMark What was the unemployment figure in 1933? What was it by 1939? [2]In 1933, about 6 million.By 1939, only 0.5 million were unemployedWho were not counted in unemployment figures? [4]Women, Jews, opponents like communistsSoldiers, men (unmarried 18-25) forced into the RADWhat was the German Labour Front (DAF)? [1]Compulsory for all men aged 18-25 to serve 6 months where they worked on public works.What did the Strength through Joy organisation do? [1]Provided leisure activities for workers at cheaper prices. Theatre visits, holidays and sporting events.What was rearmament? How did it reduce unemployment? [2]The increase in the army including conscription. Gave men jobs in the army and also to many to make new weapons and military equipmentWhy did wages and living standards increase between 1936-39? [1]Longer working hours rather than improved hourly rates. Why did farmers experience a better time in Nazi Germany? [1]Farmers debts were written off and food prices increased. Why did big business benefit from the Nazis? [1]Trade unions were banned and Nazi Rearmament led to massive growth and huge profitsWhy was life in Nazi Germany not as good as what it was made out to be? [3]Lack of freedomCost of living increasedWorking hours were longerWhat was the Volkswagen swindle? [1]Payment scheme to gradually save and get a car -stopped with the outbreak of war and no one got a car from itPersecution in Nazi GermanyQuestionAnswerMarkWhy were the Jews prosecuted? [1]Minorities had been historically persecutedHitler’s own Anti-Semitic beliefsWhat did the Nazi order a boycott of in 1933? [1]Jewish shops – organised by the SAWhen was the Nuremberg Laws introduced? [1]1935What were the main laws of the Nuremberg Laws [3]Jews lost German citizenship, no votes/passportsJews prevented from marrying GermansBy 1938, Jews were banned from what jobs? [3]Vets, dentists, doctors and accountantsWhen was Kristallnacht? [1]9th November 1938What happened on Kristallnacht? [1]Destroyed Jewish shops, homes and synagoguesWhat did Goering force the Jews to do after? [1]Made Jews pay for the damage to their own property – paid 1 billion Reichmarks. What other minorities were persecuted? [3]Mentally and physically disabled, gypsies and homosexualsWhat was the Euthanasia campaign? [1]Extermination of mentally disabled people from 1939Additional notes ................
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