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Supplementary table 4. Preprint articles identified from MedRxiv between 1st December 2019 and 15th May 2020 ?AuthorCountryMonth, YearJournal Study typeEthnicity reported?Impact of ethnicity on outcomePetrilli CM et alUSAApril, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.08.20057794Cross-sectional/cohortYesAsian race (1.44 (1.04-1.98) /multi-racial (1.99 (1.62-2.45) increased risk of hospitalisation Rentsch C et alUSAApril, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.09.20059964Retrospective cohort studyYesBlack race was associated with Covid-19 positivity (OR 4.68, 95% CI 3.79- 80 5.78) and the association remained in analyses conditional on site (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.89-3.46)Baggett TP et alUSAApril, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.12.Cross-sectionalYesNo association of race/ethnicity with PCR positivity for SARS-COV-2Cummings MJ et al USAApril, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.15.20067157Prospective cohortYes81% of those critically unwell (n=257) were Black or Hispanic. No adjustment in multivariable models.Guha A et alUSAApril, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.19.20071944Cross-sectional YesA 1% increase in proportion of African Americans in the zipcode increased proportion of positive cases by 0.23%.Li AY et alUSAApril, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.17.20069708;Cross-sectionalYesIn multivariable model, cases in a US county were significantly associated with the proportion of the population who were Black (OR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.09-1.40, P =0.001). Deaths were also associated the proportion of the country who were Black.Paranjpe I et alUSAApril, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.19.20062117Cross-sectionalYesNo obvious difference in mortality between White and Non-white groups but did not undertake specific, adjusted analysesAuld S et alUSAApril, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.23.20076737;CohortYesUnadjusted/descriptive analyses undertaken. No obvious difference in ICU survival by RaceSingh K et alUSAApril, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.24.20079012CohortYesUnadjusted/descriptive analyses undertaken. No difference in adverse outcomes between white and non-white patientsLevy TJ et alUSAApril, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.22.20075416CohortYesWhite, Non Hispanic more likely to die - but not adjusted analysisNiedzwiedz CL et alUKApril, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.22.20075663CohortYesUK BIOBANK. In adjusted analyses, Black and South Asian more likely to have confirmed infection (RR 4.01 (95%CI 2.92-5.12); RR 2.11 (95%CI 1.43-3.10); and were more likely to be hospital cases compared to White British cohort. Abedi V et alUSAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.26.20079756Cross-sectionalYesCounties with more diverse demographics are at increased risk of infection. African Americans are more vulnerable to COVID-19 than other ethnic groups.Field RE et al UKMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.28.20075119CohortYesOnly mixed ethnicity had increased risk of death (numbers small)Patel AP et alUKMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.27.20082107CohortYesUK BIOBANK. Both black participants (odds ratio 3.4; 95%CI 2.4?4.9) and Asian participants (odds ratio 2.1; 95%CI 1.5?3.2) at increased risk of hospitalisation as compared to white participantsCaraballo C et al USAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.27.20082016CohortYesCOVID-19 positive (as compared to COVID-19 negative) patients were more likely to be Black.Wang Z et al USAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.28.20075788CohortYesHispanics (29%) and African Americans (25%) had disproportionately high positive case rates relative to population base rates (p<2e-16); however, no differences in mortality rates were observed in the hospital.Kolin DA et alUKMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.05.20075507CohortYesUK BIOBANK. Compared to white participants, black participants were at over four times increased risk of testing positive for Covid-19 (RR 4.35, 95% confidence interval 3.24 to 5.83).Shah SJ et alUSAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.02.20082461CohortYesUnadjusted analyses. Asian group more likely to be positive than negative; No difference in other ethnic groups. Argenziano MG et alUSAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.20.20072116CohortYesHispanic and Black groups overrepresented in hospital and ICU admission. Chow DS et alUSAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.04.20090878CohortYesHispanic and Asian groups had increased risk of COVID-19 and both non-critical and critical COVID-19Millett G et al USAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.04.20090274Cross-sectionalYesCounties with higher proportions of black residents had more COVID-19 diagnoses (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.17-1.33) and deaths (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.00-1.40), after adjusting for county-level characteristics such as age, poverty, comorbidities, and epidemic duration.Ahmed SM et alUSAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.05.20092031CohortYesNon-White persons were more likely to test positive compared to non-Hispanic Whites (adjOR=1.1, 95% CI: 0.8, 1.6). This increased risk is more pronounced among Hispanic or Latino persons (adjOR=2.0, 95%CI: 1.3, 3.1). No ethnic/racial differences in hospitalisation rates.Ebinger JE et alUSAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.29.20084533CohortYesPatients requiring a higher levels of care were more likely to be African American (OR 2.1, P=0.011).Gross CP et al USAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.07.20094250Cross-sectionalYesRelative risk of death estimates for Black compared to the white population was 3.57 (95% CI: 2.84-4.48). Similarly, Latino population displayed 1.88 (95% CI: 1.61-2.19) times higher risk of death than white patientsRajan K et alUSA May, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.08.20073239Cross-sectionalYesUS counties with higher proportion of minorities (especially African Americans) had a higher number of confirmed infections adjusted for county population.?Mukherji NUSAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.04.20091041Cross-sectionalYesCounties with high concentrations of non-Hispanic Blacks, Native Americans, and immigrant populations have higher incidence of both cases and deaths.?Vahidy FS et alUSAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.04.24.20073148Cross-sectionalYesAfrican American race (vs. White; aOR, CI: 1.84, 1.49-2.27) and Hispanic ethnicity (vs. non-Hispanic; aOR, CI: 1.70, 1.35-2.14) had a higher likelihood of infection.?Meltzer DO et alUSAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.08.20095893CohortYesIn multivariate analysis, testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with non-white race (RR=2.54)Prats-Uribe A et al UKMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.06.20092676CohortYesUK BIOBANK. Compared with White participants, Black/Black British participants had an adjusted relative risk (RR) of 2.66 (2.03-3.88), Asian/Asian British participants 2.09 (1.53-2.84), Chinese participants 1.72 (0.64-4.61), other ethnicities 1.67 (1.04-2.68), and mixed ethnicities 0.93 (0.41-2.07) for having COVID-19 infectionKhan A et al USAMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.10.20090167CohortYesBlack patients with COVID-19 have a significantly higher risk of mortality, hospitalization, and invasive mechanical ventilation compared to White patients. The incremental risk of poor outcomes in Blacks persists despite accounting for a higher prevalence of comorbiditiesRaisi-Estabragh Z et alUKMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.10.20096925CohortYesUK BIOBANK. Non-white ethnicity was associated with a COVID-19 positive test result.The OpenSAFELY CollaborativeUKMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.06.20092999CohortYesWith regards to COVID-19, compared to people with ethnicity recorded as white, black people were at higher risk of death, with only partial attenuation in hazard ratios from the fully adjusted model (age-sex adjusted HR 2.17 95% CI 1.84-2.57; fully adjusted HR 1.71 95% CI 1.44-2.02); with similar findings for Asian people (age-sex adjusted HR 1.95 95% CI 1.73-2.18; fully adjusted HR 1.62 95% CI 1.43-1.82)Sapey E et alUKMay, 2020medRxiv?2020.05.05.20092296CohortYesStandardised Admission Ratio and Standardised Mortality Ratio: more admissions and deaths in South Asian patients than would be predicted. South Asian patients: severe disease despite no delay in presentation since symptom onset. South Asian ethnicity associated with increased risk of death; (Hazard Ratio 1.66 (95%CI 1.32 to 2.10)) after adjusting for age, sex, deprivation and comorbidities.Aldridge RW et alUKMay, 2020 total number of deaths in minority ethnic groups were Indian (492 deaths) and Black Caribbean (460 deaths)?groups. Increased risk of death from COVID-19 for Black African (3.24; 95%CIs 2.90-3.62), Black Caribbean (2.21; 95%CIs 2.02-2.41), Pakistani (3.29; 95%CIs 2.96-3.64), Bangladeshi (2.41; 95%CIs 1.98-2.91) and Indian (1.70; 95%CIs 1.56-1.85) minority ethnic groups.References ................
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