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Alliteration - The repetition of initial consonant sounds.

Assonance - The repetition of vowel sounds

Consonance – The repetition of consonant sounds within words

Onomatopoeia - The use of words which imitate sound.

Repetition - the repeating of words, phrases, lines, or stanzas.

Rhyme - The similarity of ending sounds existing between two words.

Rhyme scheme - The sequence in which the rhyme occurs. The first end sound is represented as the letter "a", the second is "b", etc

ALLITERATION

Alliteration: repetition of the initial sounds (usually consonants) of stressed syllables in nearby words or lines, usually at word beginnings.

 

From Lord Tennyson's "Break, Break, Break":

 

And the stately ships go on

      To their haven under the hill.

What initial (first) letters are alliterated? _______

 

From Lord Byron's "She Walks in Beauty":

 

She walks in beauty, like the night

        Of cloudless climes and starry skies;

What initial (first) letters are alliterated? _______

NOW YOU TRY IT. Does your name begin with a consonant? Can you alliterate it? If you first name starts with a vowel, alliterate you middle or last name. Use a positive descriptive term.

_______________________ ______________________________

When using a descriptive term with a name, the author is writing an epithet. Think of an athlete who has an epithet that is alliterated. ___________________ _________________________

Some epithets are NOT alliterated. Can you think of one that is NOT alliterated? ____________________

ASSONANCE

Assonance: the relatively close succession of the same or similar vowel sounds, but with different consonants: a kind of vowel rhyme.

The way I remember this word is the word begins with a vowel, a, and it means the repetition of vowels.

 

EXAMPLE:

From William Carol Williams' "The Red Wheelbarrow"

 

Glazed with rain

water

 

beside the white

chickens.

LOOK AT THE POEMS IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION. DO THEY HAVE ONE VOWEL SOUND REPEATED? What is it? _____

NOW YOU TRY IT?

Vowel -A - _______A_____________ ____________________ _________________

Vowel – E - _______We_____________ ____________________ _______________

Vowel – I - _________I___________ _____________________ __________________

Vowel – O- Oh, _________________ _____________________ __________________

Vowel – U- ______YOU______________ _____________________ __________________

CONSONANCE

Consonance: the relatively close succession of the same end consonants with different vowel sounds: a kind of consonant rhyme.

 

Notice all the "r" sounds in the last six lines of "Hyla Brook":

 

Its bed is left a faded paper sheet

Of dead leaves stuck together by the heat -

A brook to none but who remember long.

This as it will be seen is other far

Than with brooks taken otherwhere in song.

We love the things we love for what they are.

Circle all of the d’s. How many are there? _________________

Where are they in the words? Initial ____ middle ____ end _____

Circle all the s’s. How many are there?

Where are they? Initial____ middle _____ end _____

NOW YOU TRY:

Use the word Billy and describe what Billy does by using words that contain b’s and l’s.

_______________________________________________________________________

ONOMATOPOEIA

Onomatopoeia: any word whose sound echoes its meaning. A word that sounds like the sound it names.

 

The rusty spigot

sputters,

utters

a splutter,

spatters a smattering of drops,

gashes wider;

slash,

splatters,

scatters,

spurts,

finally stops sputtering

and plash!

gushes rushes splashes

clear water dashes.

by Eve Merriam

NOW YOU TRY:

What sound does a bee make? _____________

What sound does an old door make? _________________________

What sound does rain make? _______________________________

REVIEW OF WORDS THAT RELATE TO SOUND BUT ALREADY COVERED

Rhyme occurs when the last vowel and consonant sounds of two words are identical. In Robert Frost's "Fire and Ice" fire rhymes with desire; ice with twice and suffice; hate with great. Generally speaking, Rhyme refers to rhymes at the end of the line. Other rhymes are called "internal rhymes." Sometimes rhymes are only approximate. These are called near or slant rhymes.

 

Some say the world will end in fire,

Some say in ice.

From what I've tasted of desire

I hold with those who favor fire.

But if it had to perish twice,          5

I think I know enough of hate

To know that for destruction ice

Is also great

And would suffice.

 

Emily Dickinson often employs near rhyme as in the second stanza of "When Night is almost Done."

 

I never spoke with God,

Nor visited in heaven;

Yet certain am I of the spot

As if the chart were given.

Rhyme scheme: The pattern established by the arrangement of rhymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines:

|Some say the world will end in |a |

|fire, |b |

|Some say in ice. |a |

|From what I've tasted of desire |a |

|I hold with those who favor fire. |b |

|But if it had to perish twice, |c |

|I think I know enough of hate |b |

|To know that for destruction ice |c |

|Is also great |b |

|And would suffice | |

Analyze this poem by Langston Huges

The Dream Keeper

Bring me all of your dreams,

you dreamers,

Bring me all your heart melodies,

that I may wrap them in a blue cloud cloth,

Away from the too rough fingers of the world

How many stanzas does it have? ______________

How many lines does it have? ________________

What is the rhyme scheme? __________________

Is it rhymed or free verse? ___________________

What letters are alliterated? ___________________

Does it have assonance? __________ With what vowel in what words? _________________________________________________________

Does it have consonance? ___________ With what consonants in what words?

___________________________________________________________

Does it have onomatopoeia? ___

Does it have repetition? ______ What is repeated? _____________

Are there any metaphors? __________________________________

Are there any similes? _____________________________________

Are there any personifications? ______________________________

Write your Own Poem Using Sound Devices

Step One – Think of something noisy that has meaning to you. It might be an airplane engine, a skateboard, noise on the playground

Name that sound _____________________________________________

Example: wheels on a tricycle: whining, squeeking,

Step Two – Make a list of things to which you can compare the noise

_like a child whining________________________________

_like a mouse squeeking________________________________

_________________________________

Step Three – Make a list of words that express the sound

__eek, ___________________

_ squeak________________________________

_ whirl _______________________________

Step Four – Make a list of words that describe the action of the sound and what someone might be doing when they make the sound. Try to have the descriptive terms all begin with the same letter

__pedals turning__________________

__legs churning__________________

__teeth grinding__________________

____________________

Step Five: Now put it all together for a tercet.

With legs churning, whirling the pedals up and down

The tricycle chain grinds moving the child along the ground.

Like a squeaking mouse, baby teeth grind and help the bike go round

NOW YOUR TRY IT

Step One: Pick a sound ________________________________

Step Two: Make some similes comparing the sound

______________________

______________________

______________________

Step Three: Make a list of words that express the sound

__________

__________

__________

Step Four: Describe the action

___________

___________

Step Five: Write three lines that bring out sound. You can either rhyme or not rhyme.

-----------------------

What vowel sound is repeated in the first stanza? __

In the second stanza? _____

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