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Alliteration - The repetition of initial consonant sounds.
Assonance - The repetition of vowel sounds
Consonance – The repetition of consonant sounds within words
Onomatopoeia - The use of words which imitate sound.
Repetition - the repeating of words, phrases, lines, or stanzas.
Rhyme - The similarity of ending sounds existing between two words.
Rhyme scheme - The sequence in which the rhyme occurs. The first end sound is represented as the letter "a", the second is "b", etc
ALLITERATION
Alliteration: repetition of the initial sounds (usually consonants) of stressed syllables in nearby words or lines, usually at word beginnings.
From Lord Tennyson's "Break, Break, Break":
And the stately ships go on
To their haven under the hill.
What initial (first) letters are alliterated? _______
From Lord Byron's "She Walks in Beauty":
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies;
What initial (first) letters are alliterated? _______
NOW YOU TRY IT. Does your name begin with a consonant? Can you alliterate it? If you first name starts with a vowel, alliterate you middle or last name. Use a positive descriptive term.
_______________________ ______________________________
When using a descriptive term with a name, the author is writing an epithet. Think of an athlete who has an epithet that is alliterated. ___________________ _________________________
Some epithets are NOT alliterated. Can you think of one that is NOT alliterated? ____________________
ASSONANCE
Assonance: the relatively close succession of the same or similar vowel sounds, but with different consonants: a kind of vowel rhyme.
The way I remember this word is the word begins with a vowel, a, and it means the repetition of vowels.
EXAMPLE:
From William Carol Williams' "The Red Wheelbarrow"
Glazed with rain
water
beside the white
chickens.
LOOK AT THE POEMS IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION. DO THEY HAVE ONE VOWEL SOUND REPEATED? What is it? _____
NOW YOU TRY IT?
Vowel -A - _______A_____________ ____________________ _________________
Vowel – E - _______We_____________ ____________________ _______________
Vowel – I - _________I___________ _____________________ __________________
Vowel – O- Oh, _________________ _____________________ __________________
Vowel – U- ______YOU______________ _____________________ __________________
CONSONANCE
Consonance: the relatively close succession of the same end consonants with different vowel sounds: a kind of consonant rhyme.
Notice all the "r" sounds in the last six lines of "Hyla Brook":
Its bed is left a faded paper sheet
Of dead leaves stuck together by the heat -
A brook to none but who remember long.
This as it will be seen is other far
Than with brooks taken otherwhere in song.
We love the things we love for what they are.
Circle all of the d’s. How many are there? _________________
Where are they in the words? Initial ____ middle ____ end _____
Circle all the s’s. How many are there?
Where are they? Initial____ middle _____ end _____
NOW YOU TRY:
Use the word Billy and describe what Billy does by using words that contain b’s and l’s.
_______________________________________________________________________
ONOMATOPOEIA
Onomatopoeia: any word whose sound echoes its meaning. A word that sounds like the sound it names.
The rusty spigot
sputters,
utters
a splutter,
spatters a smattering of drops,
gashes wider;
slash,
splatters,
scatters,
spurts,
finally stops sputtering
and plash!
gushes rushes splashes
clear water dashes.
by Eve Merriam
NOW YOU TRY:
What sound does a bee make? _____________
What sound does an old door make? _________________________
What sound does rain make? _______________________________
REVIEW OF WORDS THAT RELATE TO SOUND BUT ALREADY COVERED
Rhyme occurs when the last vowel and consonant sounds of two words are identical. In Robert Frost's "Fire and Ice" fire rhymes with desire; ice with twice and suffice; hate with great. Generally speaking, Rhyme refers to rhymes at the end of the line. Other rhymes are called "internal rhymes." Sometimes rhymes are only approximate. These are called near or slant rhymes.
Some say the world will end in fire,
Some say in ice.
From what I've tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.
But if it had to perish twice, 5
I think I know enough of hate
To know that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice.
Emily Dickinson often employs near rhyme as in the second stanza of "When Night is almost Done."
I never spoke with God,
Nor visited in heaven;
Yet certain am I of the spot
As if the chart were given.
Rhyme scheme: The pattern established by the arrangement of rhymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines:
|Some say the world will end in |a |
|fire, |b |
|Some say in ice. |a |
|From what I've tasted of desire |a |
|I hold with those who favor fire. |b |
|But if it had to perish twice, |c |
|I think I know enough of hate |b |
|To know that for destruction ice |c |
|Is also great |b |
|And would suffice | |
Analyze this poem by Langston Huges
The Dream Keeper
Bring me all of your dreams,
you dreamers,
Bring me all your heart melodies,
that I may wrap them in a blue cloud cloth,
Away from the too rough fingers of the world
How many stanzas does it have? ______________
How many lines does it have? ________________
What is the rhyme scheme? __________________
Is it rhymed or free verse? ___________________
What letters are alliterated? ___________________
Does it have assonance? __________ With what vowel in what words? _________________________________________________________
Does it have consonance? ___________ With what consonants in what words?
___________________________________________________________
Does it have onomatopoeia? ___
Does it have repetition? ______ What is repeated? _____________
Are there any metaphors? __________________________________
Are there any similes? _____________________________________
Are there any personifications? ______________________________
Write your Own Poem Using Sound Devices
Step One – Think of something noisy that has meaning to you. It might be an airplane engine, a skateboard, noise on the playground
Name that sound _____________________________________________
Example: wheels on a tricycle: whining, squeeking,
Step Two – Make a list of things to which you can compare the noise
_like a child whining________________________________
_like a mouse squeeking________________________________
_________________________________
Step Three – Make a list of words that express the sound
__eek, ___________________
_ squeak________________________________
_ whirl _______________________________
Step Four – Make a list of words that describe the action of the sound and what someone might be doing when they make the sound. Try to have the descriptive terms all begin with the same letter
__pedals turning__________________
__legs churning__________________
__teeth grinding__________________
____________________
Step Five: Now put it all together for a tercet.
With legs churning, whirling the pedals up and down
The tricycle chain grinds moving the child along the ground.
Like a squeaking mouse, baby teeth grind and help the bike go round
NOW YOUR TRY IT
Step One: Pick a sound ________________________________
Step Two: Make some similes comparing the sound
______________________
______________________
______________________
Step Three: Make a list of words that express the sound
__________
__________
__________
Step Four: Describe the action
___________
___________
Step Five: Write three lines that bring out sound. You can either rhyme or not rhyme.
-----------------------
What vowel sound is repeated in the first stanza? __
In the second stanza? _____
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