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Ch 13: Respiratory System Name (in ink)

Conduction Zone

1. Figure 13.1 is a sagittal view of the upper respiratory structures. First, correctly identify all structures provided with leader lines on the figure-Then select different colors for the structures listed below arid use them to color in the coding circles and the corresponding structures on the figure.

⃝ Nasal cavity ⃝ Paranasal sinuses ⃝ Larynx

⃝ Pharynx ⃝ Tonsils ⃝ Trachea

[pic]

2. Figure 13-2 is a diagram of the larynx and associated structures. On the figure, identify each of the structures listed below. Select a different- color for each and use it to color in the coding circles and the corresponding structures on the figure. Then answer the questions following the diagram.

⃝ Hyoid bone ⃝ Epiglottis ⃝ Tracheal cartilage

⃝ Thyroid cartilage ⃝ Cricoid cartilage

[pic]

3. Answer the following questions.

1. What are three functions of the larynx?

1)

2)

3)

2. What is the common name for the thyroid cartilage?

The inferior trachea divides to form the right and left primary bronchi (singular = bronchus).

3. Which of the primary bronchi is larger in diameter?

4. Which of the primary bronchi is more horizontal?

5. Which of the primary bronchi is the most common site for lodging of a foreign object that has entered the respiratory passageways?

4. Figure 13-3 illustrates the gross anatomy of the lower respiratory system. Intact structures are shown on the left; respiratory passages are shown on the right. Select a different color for each of the structures listed below and use it to color in the coding circles and the corresponding structures on the figure. Then complete the figure by labeling the areas/structures that are provided with leader lines on the figure.

⃝ Larynx ⃝ Primary bronchi ⃝ Visceral pleura

⃝ Trachea ⃝ Secondary bronchi ⃝ Parietal pleura

⃝ Tertiary bronchi

Terminal bronchiole (end of conducting zone)

[pic]

5. Figure 13-4 illustrates the microscopic structure of the respiratory unit of lung tissue. The external anatomy is shown in Figure 13-4A. Color the intact alveoli yellow, the pulmonary capillaries red, and the respiratory bronchioles green.

A cross section through an alveolus is shown on Figure 13-4B and a blow-up of the respiratory membrane is shown in Figure 13-4C. On these illustrations color the alveolar epithelium yellow, the capillary endothelium pink, and the red blood cells in the capillary red. Also, label the alveolar chamber and color it pale blue. Finally, in Figure 13-4C label the region of the fused basement membranes; add the symbols for oxygen gas (O2) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the sites where they would be in higher concentration and arrows correctly showing their direction of movement through the respiratory membrane.

[pic]

6. Using the key choices, select the terms identified in the following descriptions.

Key Choices

A. Alveoli G. Glottis M. Trachea S. Paranasal sinuses

B. Bronchioles H. Palate N. Visceral pleura T. Pleural space

C. Conchae I. Parietal pleura O. Cilia U. Pleural fluid

D. Epiglottis J. Uvula P. Vocal folds V. Conduction zone

E. Esophagus K. Primary bronchi Q. Nasal septum W. Respiratory zone

F. Hilus L. Terminal bronchioles R. Pharynx X. Tonsils

1. Smallest type of conducting respiratory passageways

2. Separates the oral and nasal cavities

3. Food passageway posterior to the trachea

4. Closes off the larynx during swallowing, covers the glottis

5. Windpipe, passageway for air from larynx to bronchi

6. Actual structures of gas exchanges in the lungs

7. Pleural layer that covers the thoracic cavity walls

8. Pleural layer that covers the lungs

9. Lumen of the larynx (opening between vocal folds)

10. Fleshy lobes of the nasal cavity that increase surface area to warm and moisten air

11. Space between the visceral and parietal pleura

12. Includes respiratory passageways that conduct air to and from the respiratory zone

13. Medial depression at which blood vessels and bronchi pass into the lungs

14. Hair-like projections that move material away from lungs (mucus elevator)

15. Smallest bronchioles found at the end of the conducting zone

16. Divides the nasal cavity into two nostrils (nares)

17. The zone from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli

18. Flaps that vibrate with exhaled air through the glottis to produce sound

19. The fluid found between the serous membranes of the thoracic cavity

20. Cavities that lighten the skull and act as resonance chambers for speech

21. Acts as a common passageway for food and air, the throat

22. Clusters of lymphatic tissue that trap and remove any pathogens that enter the throat

23. Formed by the division of the trachea

24. Guides food down into the pharynx, prevents movement of material into nasal cavity

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

7. Using the key choices, select the terms identified in the following descriptions by inserting the appropriate term or letter in the answer blanks

Key Choices

A. Atmospheric pressure B. Intrapulmonary pressure C. Intrapleural pressure

1. In healthy lungs, it is always lower than atmospheric pressure (that is, it is negative pressure)

2. Pressure of air outside the body

3. As it decreases, air flows into the passageways of the lungs (External intercostal muscles pull ribcage outward.)

4. As it increases over atmospheric pressure, air flows out of the lungs (Internal intercostal muscles pull ribcage inward.)

5. If this pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure, the lungs collapse (called atelectasis)

6. Rises well over atmospheric pressure during a forceful cough

8. Many changes occur within the lungs as the diaphragm (and external intercostal muscles) contract and then relax. These changes lead to the flow of air into and out of the lungs. The activity of the diaphragm is given in the left column of the following table. Several changes in condition are listed in the column heads to the right. Complete the table by checking (√) the appropriate column to correctly identify the change that would be occurring relative to the diaphragm's activity in each case.

Activity of Diaphragm Changes in

|. |Internal volume of |Internal pressure in | | |

| |thorax |thorax |Size of lungs |Direction of |

| | | | |air flow |

(↑ = increased) (↓= decreased) |↑ |↓ |↑ |↓ |↑ |↓ |Into lung |Out of lung | |Contracted, moves downward | | | | | | | | | |Relaxed, moves superiorly | | | | | | | | | |

9. The neural centers of the brain stem control respiratory rhythm and depth.

Which part of the brain stem sets basic rhythm?

Which part of the brain stem keeps the rhythm smooth?

10. Use the key choices to respond to the following descriptions. Insert the correct term or letter in the answer blanks.

Key Choices

A. External respiration C. Inspiration E. Ventilation

B. Expiration D. Internal respiration F. Hypoventilation

1. Period of breathing when air enters the lungs

2. Exchange of gases between the systemic capillary blood and body cells

3. Alternate flushing of air into and out of the lungs (called breathing)

4. Exchange of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood

5. Period of breathing when air leaves the lungs

6. Extremely slow and shallow breathing, increases carbon dioxide in the blood (Hyperventilation is rapid and deep breathing, which decreases carbon dioxide in the blood.)

11. Although normal quiet expiration is largely passive due to lung recoil, when expiration must be more forceful (or the lungs are diseased), muscles that increase the abdominal pressure or depress the rib cage are enlisted.

1. Provide two examples of abdominal muscles that cause abdominal pressure to rise.

and

2. Provide two examples of muscles that depress the rib cage. (NOT the diaphragm)

and

12. Four nonrespiratory movements are described here. Identify each by choosing the answers from Column B and write them in the spaces provides in the spaces provided in Column A.

Column A Column B

1. Sudden inspiration, resulting from spasms of the diaphragm.

2. A deep breath is taken, the glottis is closed, and air is forced out of the lungs against the glottis; clears the lower respiratory passageways.

3. As just described, but clears the upper respiratory passageways.

4. Increases ventilation of the lungs; may be initiated by a need to increase oxygen levels in the blood.

low pH neutral high pH

13. Use the key choices to correctly complete the following statements, concerning gases and transport in the body. Insert the correct letter response in the answer blanks.

Column A Column B

1. All gas exchanges are made by the process of

2. When substances pass in this manner, they move from areas of

3. to areas of

4. Oxygen passes from the air of alveoli to the blood of the

5. In the systemic circulation, the oxygen passes out of the blood of systemic capillaries into

6. Conversely, carbon dioxide moves out of the body tissues into the

7. In the pulmonary circulation, the carbon dioxide passes from the lung capillaries into the

8. From there it passes out of the body during

9. Chemoreceptors that respond to decreased oxygen levels in the blood are located in the

10. The most important stimulus in controlling the rate and depth of normal respiration (at rest) is ____ level

11. CO2 combines with water (H2O) in the blood to form

12. The condition that results from too much H2CO3 in the blood is called

13. Increased CO2 in the blood (acidosis from hypoventilation) will cause breathing rate to

14. The condition that results from low CO2 levels is

15. An excessive decrease in blood CO2 levels (alkalosis from hyperventilation) will cause breathing rate to

16. Lack of breathing, common after hyperventilation

17. Most oxygen is transported by the red blood cell bound to

18. Conversely, most carbon dioxide is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood

19. Carbon monoxide poisoning is lethal because carbon monoxide competes with ____ for binding sites.

20. The most common cause of lung cancer

At The Clinic Ch 13

PLEASE ANSWER ON A SEPARATE PIECE OF PAPER TO TURN IN.

1. After a long bout of bronchitis, Mrs. Dupree complains of a stabbing pain in her side with each breath.

a. What is her probable condition? (p. 443)

b. Since she probably had a lot of coughing with the bronchitis, what happened to the pleural membranes to cause this inflammation of the pleura?

2. a) What two nerves transmit nerve impulses regarding breathing to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles from the brain? (p. 452)

b) Why doesn’t Mom have to worry when 3-year-old Johnny threatens to “hold his breath till he dies”? (p. 453)

3. A new mother checks on her sleeping infant, only to find it has stopped breathing and is turning blue. The mother quickly picks up the baby and pats its back until it starts to breathe.

a. What is the term for bluish discoloration of the skin? (p. 119, 451)

b. What life-threatening condition to infants has been prevented? (p. 459)

c. What are two possible causes of this disorder?

4. Joanne Willis, a long time smoker, is complaining that she has developed a persistent cough. (p. 440)

a. What has happened to her bronchial cilia?

b. Why does this cause her to constantly cough?

5. Alvin, a smoker, sees his doctor because he has a persistent cough and becomes short of breath after very little exertion. He has a barrel chest and a red face and explains that it is difficult for him to exhale but not to inhale. The physician explains to him that the chronic lung inflammation will eventually cause fibrosis of the lungs. (p. 455)

a. What diagnosis will the doctor make?

b. What has happened to the alveoli of his lungs?

c. What has caused his permanently expanded barrel chest?

6. Barbara is rushed to the emergency room after an auto accident. The 8th through 10th ribs on her left side have been fractured and have punctured the lung. (p. 447)

a. What term is used to indicate lung collapse?

b. What is the condition in which air has entered the pleural space?

c. What will be done to reinflate the lung?

7. A young boy is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. (p. 457)

a. In what ways will CF affect his respiratory system?

b. What effect will this disorder have on his digestive system?

(continued on back)

8. Mr. and Mrs. Rao took their sick 5-year-old daughter to the doctor. The girl was breathing entirely through her mouth, her voice sounded odd and whiny, and a pus-like fluid was dripping from her nose.

a. Which one of the sets of tonsils was most likely infected in this child? (p. 438)

b. What is the term for inflammation of the tonsils?

c. What is the term for removal of the tonsils? (Coloring Packet #12)

d. Why do fewer people have their tonsils removed than in years past? (p. 439)

9. Mr. Rasputin bumped into a bee’s nest while making repairs on his roof. As expected, he was promptly stung several times. Since he knew he was allergic to bee stings, he rushed to the hospital. While waiting, he went into shock and had extreme difficulty breathing. Examination showed his larynx to be edematous and a tracheostomy was performed.

a. What is the term for difficult or labored breathing? (p. 455)

b. What is edema? (p. 399)

c. What is a tracheostomy? (p. 440)

d. What purpose will the tracheostomy tube serve?

10. A young couple arrives in the Emergency Room after being rescued from a house fire. They are both complaining of a severe headache and the ER physician notes their skin is a cherry red color. (p. 451)

a. What diagnosis will he make?

b. What is hypoxia?

c. In terms of CO gas, why are they suffering from hypoxia?

d. What three other conditions can cause hypoxia?

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Figure 13-2

How many lobes on the left?

Figure 13-4

Respiratory membrane

A. Sneeze

B. Hiccup

C. Yawn

D. Cough

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A. Expiration

B. High concentration

C. Plasma

D. Carbon dioxide

E. Decrease

F. Lung capillaries

G. Acidosis

H. Diffusion

I. Hemoglobin

J. Increase

K. Aortic and carotid bodies

L. Tissue cells

M. Low concentration

N. Alkalosis

O. Oxygen

P. Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Q. Alveoli

R. Smoking

S. Systemic capillaries

T. Apnea

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