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US HISTORY POWERPOINT DEPRESSION/1930’S NOTES

1. ALFRED E. SMITH: DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE FOR PRESIDENT IN 1928, HE WAS THE FIRST CATHOLIC TO RUN, HE LOST.

2. HERBERT HOOVER: REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE FOR PRES IN 1928 HE WON BY A LANDSLIDE

3. "CHICKEN IN EVERY POT AND A CAR IN EVERY GARAGE": HOOVER'S CAMPAIGN SLOGAN IN 1928. HE VOWED TO CONTINUE THE PROSPERITY OF THE 1920’S.

4. DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE: AVERAGE VALUE OF STOCKS FROM 30 OF THE NATIONS LARGEST FIRMS, THE HIGHER THE # THE BETTER THE MARKET IS DOING.

5. UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH: TOO MANY PEOPLE IN THE US HAS ONLY A LITTLE MONEY WHILE TOO FEW HAD A LOT. THE MASS OF WORKING PEOPLE DID NOT HAVE MONEY TO BUY CONSUMER GOODS THAT WOULD HAVE KEPT THE ECONOMY GOING.

6. OVERPRODUCTION: ON FARMS AND FACTORIES TOO MANY GOODS WERE PRODUCED BUT WAGES DID NOT KEEP UP WITH PRICES AND WORKERS COULD NOT AFFORD TO BUY EXCEPT ON CREDIT, WHEN PEOPLE USED ALL THEIR CREDIT AND WERE IN DEBT THE OVERPRODUCTION LEAD TO THE DEPRESSION.

7. FARMERS: THEY HAD BEEN IN A DEPRESSION THROUGHOUT THE 1920’S.

8. BLACK THURSDAY, OCTOBER 24 1929: STOCK MARKET CRASHED AS PEOPLE PANICKED AND TRIED TO SELL THEIR STOCK.

9. STOCK MARKET CRASH: OCTOBER 1929, VALUE OF STOCKS ON THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE LOST MANY BILLIONS OF DOLLARS AND PLUNGED THE NATION INTO THE WORST DEPRESSION IN ITS HISTORY.

10. OVER SPECULATION: PEOPLE RISKED THEIR MONEY BUYING STOCKS THEY HOPED THEY WOULD GO HIGHER, CAUSE OF THE CRASH.

11. MARGIN BUYING: METHOD WHERE PEOPLE BORROWED MONEY TO BUY STOCKS, IF THE STOCK PRICES WENT DOWN THEY WOULD OWE MORE THEN THEY BORROWED, CAUSE OF THE CRASH.

12. STOCK POOL: GROUPS OF WEALTHY INVESTORS BOUGHT LARGE BLOCKS OF STOCKS AND TRADED THEM TO GET THE PRICE UP, ONCE IT WENT UP THEY WOULD SELL DROPPING THE PRICE OF THE STOCK.

13. MOB PSYCHOLOGY: WHAT HAPPENED WHEN STOCK PRICES STARTED TO FALL, PEOPLE PANICKED, SOLD STOCK, THEN OTHERS FOLLOWED AND PRICES KEPT DROPPING.

14. GREAT DEPRESSION: TIME OF ECONOMIC HARDSHIP, FROM 1929-1941, MASS POVERTY, UNEMPLOYMENT AND SUFFERING.

15. DOMINO EFFECT: THE COUNTLESS TIES AMONG VARIOUS SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY PROBLEMS IN ONE EVENTUALLY AFFECTED OTHERS, UNEMPLOYED WORKERS COULD NOT BUY RADIOS SO RADIO WORKERS LOST THEIR JOBS.

16. SMOOT-HAWLEY TARIFF: 1930 US SET THE HIGHEST TARIFF RATES IN HISTORY IN AN ATTEMPT TO PROTECT AMERICAN INDUSTRY BUT OTHER NATIONS ALSO RAISED TARIFFS AND IT MADE THE DEPRESSION WORSE.

17. 1932: ONE QUARTER OF THE NATION'S LABOR FORCE WAS OUT OF WORK, 4/5TH OF THE STEEL MILLS WERE SHUT DOWN, AND FARM INCOME HAD FALLEN TO LESS THAN HALF OF WHAT IT HAD BEEN IN 1929.

18. HOOVERVILLES: SHANTYTOWNS WHERE HOMELESS PEOPLE LIVED, IN SHACKS OR TENTS THEY MADE, OVER A MILLION PEOPLE LIVED IN THEM BY 1933.

19. BREADLINES AND SOUP KITCHENS: THE MOST COMMON FORM OF HELP FOR THE POOR BEFORE THE FEDERAL GOVT STARTED WELFARE PROGRAMS.

20. SELLING APPLES: MANY UNEMPLOYED MEN SOLD APPLES ON STREET CORNERS TO EARN A LITTLE MONEY, COMMON SIGHT IN BIG CITIES.

21. URBAN BLACKS: THE GROUP THAT SUFFERED THE MOST FROM THE DEPRESSION WITH HIGHER UNEMPLOYMENT AND POVERTY RATES.

22. DUST BOWL: IN THE 1930'S A SEVERE DROUGHT STRUCK THE AREA FROM THE ROCKY MTNS TO THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, STRONG WINDS CARRIED AWAY THE RICH TOPSOIL.

23. OKIE: NAME GIVE TO MANY MIDWESTERN FARMERS WHO LOST THEIR FARMS DUE TO THE DROUGHT AND MOVED WESTWARD, MANY TO CALIF.

24. RUGGED INDIVIDUALISM: HOOVER'S RESPONSE TO THE DEPRESSION, HE FELT THAT IF THE GOVT. HELPED PEOPLE THEY WOULD BE DESTROYING THEIR SELF WORTH, IT WAS BETTER TO STARVE TO DEATH WITH PRIDE THAN TAKE MONEY AND FOOD FROM THE GOVT AND LOSE THEIR PRIDE.

25. COMMUNITY CHESTS: HOOVER THOUGHT RELIEF SHOULD COME THROUGH THIS TYPE OF PRIVATE CHARITIES NOT THE GOVT., BUT PRIVATE CHARITIES COULD NOT HANDLE ALL THE UNEMPLOYED AND HUNGRY.

26. BONUS ARMY: 1932 MARCH BY THOUSANDS OF UNEMPLOYED WW I VETS WHO WANTED THEIR BONUS PAID EARLY, THEIR CAMP WAS ATTACKED AND DESTROYED BY THE ARMY SENT BY HOOVER, SHOWED HE DIDN'T CARE FOR THE POOR.

27. ELECTION OF 1932: HOOVER WAS CRUSHED BY THE DEMOCRAT CANDIDATE, FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT (FDR).

28. FDR: 32ND PRES OF US FROM 1933-1945, LED THE NATION DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND WW II, ONLY PRES TO BE ELECTED MORE THAN TWO TIMES (FOUR).

29. FIRESIDE CHATS: RADIO TALKS FDR HAD WITH THE AMERICAN PEOPLE IN WHICH HE EXPLAINED HIS POLICIES IN A SIMPLE FAMILY WAY.

30. NEW DEAL: NAME FOR FDR'S PROGRAM TO END THE DEPRESSION.

31. 100 DAYS: FDR TOOK MANY STEPS TO END THE DEPRESSION SINCE THEN EVERY PRESIDENT HAS BEEN JUDGED ON HIS ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING HIS FIRST 100 DAYS IN OFFICE.

32. BANK HOLIDAY: FDR CLOSED THE BANKS FOR A WEEK TO RESTORE THE BANKING SYSTEM, MARCH 1933, HELPED RESTORE CONFIDENCE IN THE ECONOMY.

33. THREE R'S: FDR PROGRAM, RELIEF TO EASE THE SUFFERING OF THE NEEDY, RECOVERY, TO LAY THE FOUNDATION FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH AND REFORM TO HELP PREVENT FUTURE ECONOMIC CRISIS, TOGETHER THEY PROFOUNDLY ALTERED THE GOVT'S ROLE IN AMERICAN SOCIETY.

34. RELIEF PROGRAMS: CCC (CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS) YOUNG MEN BETWEEN 18 AND 25 WERE PUT TO WORK PLANTING TREES AND DOING OTHER THINGS TO HELP THE ENVIRONMENT, CWA(CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRATION), GOVT JOBS TO GIVE THE UNEMPLOYED MONEY AND HELP FIX UP NEIGHBORHOODS ETC.

35. ECONOMIC RECOVERY PROGRAMS: PWA (PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION),TVA, TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY.

36. HOLC: HOME OWNERS LOAN CORP, 1933, GOVT HELPED PEOPLE KEEP THEIR HOMES.

37. AAA: AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT, GOVT AGENCY THAT HELPED THE FARMER AND IMPROVED FARM INCOME BY 50%.

38. NRA: NATIONAL RECOVERY ACT, TO HELP BUSINESSES ORGANIZE CODES SETTING PRICES AND MINIMUM WAGES, IT WAS LATER DECLARED UNCONSTITUTIONAL.

39. FDIC: FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORP, THE FEDERAL GOVT WOULD GUARANTEE PEOPLE'S BANK DEPOSITS IF THE BANK WENT BROKE.

40. GOLD STANDARD, FDR TOOK THE NATION OFF OF THIS MEANING YOU COULD NO LONGER TRADE IN PAPER MONEY FOR GOLD.

41. AMERICAN LIBERTY LEAGUE, RIGHT WING, CONSERVATIVE CRITICS OF FDR'S NEW DEAL, THEY WERE MAINLY RICH BUSINESSMEN CONCERNED THAT THEY MIGHT HAVE TO PAY MORE TAXES.

42. HUEY LONG AND FATHER CHARLES COUGHLIN, LEFT WING, RADICAL CRITICS OF THE NEW DEAL, LONG WAS SENATOR FROM LA AND COUGHLIN WAS AN ANTI-SEMITIC PRIEST WHO BOTH ATTACKED FDR.

43. TOWNSEND PLAN, POPULAR DEPRESSION ERA SCHEME THAT WOULD GIVE EVERYONE OVER 60 $200 A MONTH THAT HAD TO BE SPENT IN ONE MONTH.

44. UPTON SINCLAIR, NOVELIST AND REFORMER WHO RAN FOR GOVERNOR OF CALIF ON A RADICAL PLAN HE WAS DEFEATED BY THE REPUBLICANS IN 1934 USING UNFAIR CAMPAIGN TACTICS.

45. FHA, FEDERAL HOUSING AUTHORITY, TO IMPROVE THE HOUSING MARKET BY ENCOURAGING BANKS TO MAKE HOUSING LOANS.

46. WPA, WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION. PUT PEOPLE TO WORK IN THEIR HOME TOWNS BUILDING ROADS, BRIDGES, PLAYGROUNDS, POOLS. SIDEWALKS AND SEWERS PLUS MANY OTHER TYPES OF JOBS.

47. SECOND NEW DEAL, IN THIS FDR LOOKED BACK TO THE GOALS OF THE PROGRESSIVES AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE , OLD-AGE PENSIONS AND THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF LABOR, AND FARMERS.

48. SOCIAL SECURITY ACT, 1935, INTENDED TO PROTECT AMERICANS WHO WERE UNABLE TO SUPPORT THEMSELVES, OLD AGE INSURANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION, WIDOWS AND DISABLED WORKERS.

49. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT, CALLED THE WAGNER ACT, DESIGNED TO PROTECT AND ENCOURAGE LABOR UNIONS.

50. COURT PACKING SCHEME, FDR WAS ANGRY AT THE SUPREME COURT FOR STRIKING DOWN SEVERAL OF HIS NEW DEAL LAWS, HE TRIED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO ADD MORE MEMBER TO THE COURT, HE FAILED AND HE MADE MANY ENEMIES.

51. BLACK CABINET, FDR PLACED MORE BLACKS IN FEDERAL POSITIONS THAT ANYONE BEFORE HIM, THESE BLACK ADVISORS BECAME KNOWN AS THE BLACK CABINET.

52. MEXICAN MIGRANT WORKERS, DURING THE DEPRESSION THE US AND MEXICO AGREED ON A PROGRAM TO ENCOURAGE MEXICAN WORKERS IN THE US TO RETURN TO MEXICO.

53. ELEANOR ROOSEVELT, FDR'S WIFE, SHE WAS VERY ACTIVE IN POLITICS AND SERVED AS A SYMBOL OF THE CHANGING ROLE OF WOMEN IN AMERICAN SOCIETY.

54. JOHN STEINBECK, WRITER WHO WROTE ABOUT HARSH CONDITIONS DURING THE DEPRESSION, GRAPES OF WRATH, WAS HIS FAMOUS NOVEL AND LATER A MOVIE.

55. DEFICIT SPENDING, GOVT SPENDS MORE MONEY THAN IT TAKES IT, LEADS TO LARGE DEBTS, STARTED WITH THE NEW DEAL AND WW II, TODAY THE GOVT OWES OVER $4 TRILLION.

56. WELFARE STATE, NEW DEAL STARTED THIS, GOVT. BASED ON THE VIEW THAT THE STATE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF ITS PEOPLE.

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