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AP PSYCH CH 3 TestMultiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____1.Two plants are grown under the same environmental conditions, including the same soil conditions and the same amount of light and water, but one grows to 2 feet tall and the other is 1 foot tall. In this case, the heritability would be closest toa.5 percent.b.25 percent.c.50 percent.d.80 percent.e.95 percent.____2.Which of the following are located exclusively within the brain and spinal cord?a.sensory neuronsb.motor neuronsc.myelin sheathd.interneuronse.axons____3.A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n)a.neural network.b.action potential.c.neurotransmitter.d.reflex.e.threshold.____4.Which of the following best describes how the brain processes and controls language?a.Speech is such an important function of the brain that the right temporal lobe is devoted to it.b.Speech is primarily controlled in the occipital lobes, although association areas in the parietal lobes are also involved.c.Subfunctions of speech (such as producing speech, reading aloud, and understanding speech) are processed by different parts of the brain.d.Men and women process speech in different parts of the brain, determined primarily by genetics and early environmental conditions.e.The brainstem processes the basic parts of speech and communicates with the frontal lobe's motor cortex.____5.Although identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities, one should be cautious about attributing these similarities to genetic factors becausea.the twins may have been raised in completely different environments.b.genetic factors influence physical, not psychological, characteristics.c.any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities.d.many fraternal twins have been shown to be psychologically different from each other.e.most twin studies have not been replicated or validated.____6.Professor Archibald suggests that men are more likely than women to initiate recreational sex because this has historically served to be a more successful reproductive strategy for men than for women. The professor's suggestion best illustrates a(n) ________ theory.a.social learningb.evolutionaryc.behavioristd.Freudiane.cognitive____7.The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)a.sympathetic nerve.b.myelin sheath.c.endocrine gland.d.pituitary gland.e.synaptic vesicle.____8.Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to be criticized fora.providing hindsight explanations for human behaviors.b.failing to consider unconscious motivations.c.overemphasizing humans' capacity to learn and adapt to a variety of environments.d.underestimating gender differences in mate selection.e.overestimating cultural differences in human sexual behaviors.____9.Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of thea.amygdala.b.hippocampus.c.angular gyrus.d.corpus callosum.e.medulla.____10.Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles ofa.humanism.b.behaviorism.c.naturalistic observation.d.natural selection.e.genome mapping.____11.Twin studies suggest that a strong influence on emotional instability comes froma.genetic predispositions.b.the Y chromosome.c.natural selection.d.the X chromosome.e.mutation.____12.Split-brain patients have had their ________ surgically cut.a.hippocampusb.limbic systemc.corpus callosumd.sensory cortexe.reticular formation____13.According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to bea.socially prohibited.b.genetically predisposed.c.ecologically disruptive.d.disease-producing.e.hormonally adaptive.____14.People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustratesa.the impact of personality on gender identity.b.that ideas about gender and social roles are complementary.c.the interaction of nature and nurture.d.the reciprocal influence of norms and roles.e.the importance of nurture rather than nature.____15.The neural system located at the border between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as thea.sensory cortex.b.limbic system.c.reticular formation.d.peripheral nervous system.e.cerebellum.____16.An adaptation is an inherited physical or behavioral characteristic thata.increases an organism's chance for survival.b.is ecologically disruptive.c.enables an organism to control its environment.d.may or may not benefit the organism.e.has no effect on fitness.____17.In creating more effective treatments for pain, researchers would use which of the following techniques for identifying regions of the brain that handle pain?a.magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)puted tomography (CT )c.electroencephalogram (EEG)d.functional MRI (fMRI)e.lesion____18.The complete set of genetic instructions in an organism's chromosomes is called thea.heritability index.b.DNA molecule.c.genome.d.schema.e.zygote.____19.How do evolutionary psychologists explain why pregnant women from cultures across the world tend to avoid bitter, strongly flavored foods?a.Most cultures educate women about the dangers of certain foods on a developing fetus.b.Women and men have genetic differences in taste preferences.c.Bitter tastes can be an indication of foods toxic toward a developing baby, so this preference developed through natural selection.d.Pregnant women tend to associate with one another and they acquire similar food preferences through social conformity.e.Historical preferences toward or against certain tastes tend to change as cultures change.____20.Males in their ________ are most likely to be sexually attracted to women who are several years older rather than several years younger than themselves.a.teens.b.twenties.c.thirties.d.forties.e.fifties.____21.Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.a.adult heightb.political attitudesc.adult weightd.extraversione.personality____22.Which brain structure might be most active when answering the question “What do the following words have in common: plane, butter, insect?”a.amygdalab.reticular formationc.brainstemd.left hemispheree.right hemisphere____23.Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of thea.dendrites.b.cell body.c.axon.d.myelin sheath.e.synapse.____24.To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat'sa.reticular formation.b.cerebellum.c.medulla.d.amygdala.e.thalamus.____25.Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?a.amygdalab.motor cortexc.sensory cortexd.hypothalamuse.Broca's area____26.Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmittera.dopamine.b.epinephrine.c.acetylcholine.d.serotonin.e.GABA.____27.Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that producea.dopamine.b.acetylcholine.c.epinephrine.d.endorphins.e.glutamate.____28.Which of the following fictional research findings is the best evidence against the idea that “biology is destiny”?a.Early humans gradually developed aversions to bitter-tasting foods because many poisons were bitter.b.Babies are born with the ability to turn away from frightening stimuli.c.Cognitive therapy can help people change unwanted personality traits.d.Testosterone levels are associated with incarceration rates.e.Women have larger and more active brain structures than men.____29.Neural networks refer toa.the branching extensions of a neuron.b.interconnected clusters of neurons in the central nervous system.c.neural cables containing many axons.d.junctions between sending and receiving neurons.e.neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.____30.According to opinion polls, how do scientists and nonscientists react differently to the idea of evolution?a.Scientists are mostly (66%) agreed that evolution is a valid theory, and most nonscientists believe evolution describes the natural world well.b.There is widespread consensus among scientists that evolution is scientific fact, but half of U.S. adults do not believe in evolution.c.Most “hard” scientists, like physicists and chemists, think that evolutionary theory is unnecessarily complex, and most nonscientists agree.d.Scientists and most nonscientists agree that evolutionary theory describes animal development well, but not human development.e.Belief in evolutionary theory is split along religious lines among scientists and nonscientists.____31.If a professor accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release ________ into your bloodstream.a.endorphinsb.acetylcholinec.seratonind.epinephrinee.insulin____32.A PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure?a.sensory cortexb.Broca's areac.corpus callosumd.occipital lobese.frontal lobes____33.Heritability refers to the extent to whicha.unrelated individuals share common genes.b.genetic mutations can be transmitted to one's offspring.c.trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations.d.adult personality is determined by infant personality.e.nurture controls a trait rather than nature.____34.Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability toa.speak fluently.b.copy drawings.c.recognize faces.d.recognize familiar melodies.e.see colors.____35.Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoteda.reproductive success.b.personal happiness.c.cultural diversity.d.heritability.e.behavior genetics.____36.Addictive drug cravings are likely to be associated with reward centers in thea.thalamus.b.cerebellum.c.reticular formation.d.limbic system.e.angular gyrus.____37.When asked to describe a picture that showed two boys stealing cookies behind a woman's back, a patient replied, “Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she's looking the two boys looking the other part.” Which brain region has most likely been damaged?a.Broca's areab.angular gyrusc.corpus callosumd.Wernicke's areae.parietal lobes____38.By simply thinking about a move, which activates their brain cells, people may be able to move a robotic arm. This best illustratesa.neurogenesis.b.constraint-induced therapy.c.neural prosthetics.d.magnetic resonance imaging.e.hemispheric specialization.____39.In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability toa.facially express emotions.b.solve arithmetic problems.c.understand simple verbal requests.d.process information in an orderly sequence.e.control his aggression.____40.A person whose hand had been amputated actually felt sensations on his nonexistent fingers when his face was stroked. This best illustrates the consequences ofa.tomography.b.brain plasticity.c.lateralization.d.hemispherectomy.e.aphasia.____41.The unique personalities of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. This best illustrates the ________ of nature and nurture.a.mutationb.evolutionc.interactiond.heritabilitye.independence____42.Which of the following research questions would be most interesting to a molecular geneticist?a.How do children develop gender identities in school?b.What impact did climate change have on the religious practices of early humans?c.Do IQ scores change as children age?d.What are the genetic differences between siblings who are and are not depressed?e.Are there genetic influences on the impact of synapses on neural transmission?____43.An all-or-none response pattern is characteristic of thea.initiation of neural impulses.b.release of endorphins into the central nervous system.c.release of hormones into the bloodstream.d.activation of either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system.e.excitation of the antagonistic hormonal system.____44.When people discuss the “nature vs. nurture” controversy, Nature refers to ________ and Nurture refers to ________.a.genes; heredityb.chromosomes; geneticsc.biology; environmentd.DNA; hormonese.thinking; behavior____45.Sir Charles Sherrington observed that impulses took more time to travel a neural pathway than he might have anticipated. His observation provided evidence for the existence ofa.endorphins.b.hormones.c.synaptic gaps.d.interneurons.e.neural networks.____46.A random error in gene replication is known as aa.DNA.b.genome.c.mutation.d.natural selection.e.heritability.____47.An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked toa.Alzheimer's disease.b.schizophrenia.c.Parkinson's disease.d.depression.e.euphoria.____48.Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known asa.dopamine.b.epinephrine.c.acetylcholine.d.insulin.e.endorphin.____49.Researchers found that women rated men higher as potential long-term mates when they spent more time looking at baby pictures. This finding suggests thata.women are drawn to youthful, healthy appearing men.b.women prefer men who express interest in caring for joint offspring.c.men approach sex as being more relational.d.women have a lower threshold for perceiving warm responses as sexual.e.men are less attracted to women who are likely to reproduce.____50.DNA is a complexa.sex hormone.b.action potential.c.molecule.d.synapse.e.neuron. ................
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