Principles of MARKETING

Principles of

MARKETING

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Principles of

MARKETING

18e

Philip Kotler

Northwestern University

Gary Armstrong

University of North Carolina

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Copyright ? 2021, 2018, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. All Rights Reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights and Permissions department, please visit permissions/.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kotler, Philip, author. | Armstrong, Gary (Gary M.), author. Title: Principles of marketing / Philip Kotler, Northwestern University, Gary Armstrong, University of North Carolina. Description: Eighteenth edition. | New York, NY : Pearson Education, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019019648 | ISBN 9780135766590 (student edition) | ISBN 9780135766576 (instructor review copy) | ISBN 9780135766392 (loose leaf edition) Subjects: LCSH: Marketing. Classification: LCC HF5415 .K636 2019 | DDC 658.8--dc23 LC record available at

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ISBN 10: 0-13-576659-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-576659-0

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To Kathy, Betty, Mandy, Matt, KC, Keri, Delaney, Molly, Macy, and Ben; and Nancy, Amy, Melissa, and Jessica

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