Dr



SOC101 REVIEWS FOR CHAPTER 1-20

Dr. Ji

SOC 101

Review List for Chapter 1

_______________________________________________________________________Note:

This review provides you with some of the terms, definitions, events, names of sociologists, and others associated to the course covered. However, they are not inclusive or comprehensive but just part of the content. Students who wish to obtain good results in their test scores, are strongly advised to read all pages of the chapter.

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Terms

Sociological perspective, social context, sociological imagination, social problems, individual problems, social sciences, sociology, Industrial Revolution, American Revolution, French Revolution, technology, global village, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, August Comte, social statics, social dynamics, positivism, social forces, social integration, class conflict, bourgeoisie, proletariat, capitalism, working class, George Mead, Symbolic Interactionism, symbols, Talcott Parsons, Structural Functionalism, institutions, statuses, roles, functions, manifest functions, latent functions, dysfunctions, Max Weber, social facts, verstehen

Concepts

Sociology-scientific study of human behavior

Social theory- a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work.

Goal of science-explain social phenomena and make generalizations

Pure sociology-discover life in human group but not change

Applied sociology- apply sociology to solve social problems

Karl Marx-founder of Conflict Theory, bourgeoisie, proletariat, means of production,

Emile Durkheim-social facts (pattern of behavior), social integration, suicide, anomie,

Max Weber-Protestant ethic & capitalism, objectivity & value-free, Verstehen (insight understanding)

C. Wright Mills- sociological imagination, personal problems, social problems

August Comte-father of sociology, coined the term of sociology, positivism, objective observation

George Herbert Mead-development of Symbolic Interactionism, society= everyday interaction of individuals

Talcott Parsons- Structural Functionalism, Structure-interlocking social organization (institutions, statuses, roles, etc), functions-meet people’s needs

Robert Merton-manifest function (intended), latent function (unintended), dysfunction (negative)

Functionalist and Conflict theorists tend to focus on large-scale patterns of society (Macro-level) while Symbolic interactionalists pay attention to the face-to-face (micro-level)

Manifest function- intended function

Latent function- unintended function

Dysfunction-negative and hurtful function

Discussion

What is sociology and what is a theory?

Who are the earlier sociologists and what about their sociological perspectives?

What are the differences between Functionalist, Conflict Theorist, and Symbolic Interactionist’s perspectives?

Dr. Ji

Soc101

Review List for Chapter 2 Culture

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Terms

Culture, language, values, norms, beliefs, mores, folkways, taboo, behaviors, material objects, material culture, nonmaterial culture, cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, cultural shock, cultural change, gathering & hunting, herding and horticulture, agriculture, industrialism, post industrial, symbols, culture specific, cultural transmission, The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, sanction, pluralistic society, subcultures, countercultures, ideal culture, real culture, cultural diffusion, cultural leveling, gestures(culture specific).

Concepts

Material culture-all tangible products of a society, cars, clothing, housings, TVs, planes, etc.

Nonmaterial culture-all intangible products of a society, laws, ideas, values, beliefs, norm, etc

Cultural relativism-understand a people from the framework of its own culture.

Ethnocentrism-using one=s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of individual or society

Cultural shock= the disorientation people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life.

Gestures=using one=s body to communicate/culture specific.

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis= language determines our consciousness and our perceptions of life around us.

Values= standards by which people define good and bad, beautiful and ugly.

Norms= the expected behaviors that develop out of a society=s values.

Three types of norms= mores, folkways, and taboos.

Mores= of great significance. The norms that are strictly enforced

Folkways= of little moral significance. The norms that are not strictly enforced

Taboos= norms that are strongly prohibited because they bring about revulsion if violated.

Subculture= a group that has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time their values and norms reflect the dominant culture of their society.

Counterculture= groups whose values and norms are in opposition to mainstream culture.

Ideal culture= the ideal values and norms of a people, the goals held out fro them.

Real culture= the norms and values that people actually follow.

Cultural universals= a value, norm, pr other cultural trait that is found in every group.

Cultural diffusion= the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another. People in one group adapt some part of another group=s material and/or nonmaterial culture.

Cultural leveling= the process by which cultures become more similar to each other as a result of travel and communication.

Discussion

What are culture and its components?

What are values and social norms?

What are the differences between subculture and counterculture?

What are the dominant values in the United States?

Discuss the terms of cultural diffusion, cultural leveling, ideal culture, and real culture.

Dr. Ji

SOC101

Review Chapter 3 Socialization

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Terms

Feral children, isolation, peer group, institutionalization, deprivation, heredity, social environment, personality, socialization, nature, nurture, gender, ascribed status, achieved status, self, mind, significant others, id, ego, superego, agents, re-socialization, first group, secondary group, looking glass-self, total institution, life course,

Concepts

Peer group= people of the same age and sharing common interests.

Ascribed statuses=positions an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily in life

Achieved statuses=positions that are earned or involve some efforts on the individual part

Studies of isolated and institutionalized children point out the importance of intimate early social interaction in acquiring the basic “human” traits we take for granted

Charles Horton Cooley=we develop a self-concept when we interact with others

“Looking-glass self”= describe the process by which we develop a sense of self (Charles Horton Cooley coined the term)

George Herbert Mead =we acquire a sense of self when we learn to take the role of the other

Significant others= Mead’s term, meaning people who have significant influence on you such as parents, siblings, relatives, friends, colleagues, etc.

Role taking- four stages to develop: imitation, playing, game, and generalized others stages.

Piaget-the development of reasoning skills (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational)

Development of personality =Id, Ego, Superego by Freud.

Id-the inborn drive for self gratification such as cries of hunger or pain; basic demanding needs and pleasure seeking aspect of our personality (food, safety, sex, etc.)

Superego-the moral component of our personality. It is the conscience. It represents culture within us-the norms and values. It gives us sense of guilty when break social rules and pride when we follow them. It is our social self.

Ego-the balancing force between the ID and the demands of society that suppress it

Agents of socialization=people who influence our self-concept, attitudes, and behaviors.

Sex=biologically determined, male or female.

Gender=socially determined distribution of work, income, position simply based on who are males or females.

Agents of socialization=family, religion, school, day care, peer groups, mass media, internet, etc.

Resocialization=process of learning new norms, values and behaviors.

The “looking-glass self”= Our sense of self is developed from interaction with others. The self is socially created.

Total institution- a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and controlled by officials who run the place (prison, military, mental institutions, etc.)

Life course-the sequence of events experienced from birth to death (childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, the middle years, later middle years, early older, & later older).

Discussion

What are socialization and human nature (nature or nurture)?

What is self and why is self the result of conversation between I and me based on Mead?

Discuss the four stages of role taking – imitation, play, game, and generalized others based on Mead.

How does Charles Horton Cooley’s “Looking Glass Self” illustrate the formulation of a person’s self-concept?

How does Sigmund Freud use the concept of “ID, The Super Ego, and The Ego” to illustrate the development of personality?

What are the stages in the life course?

Dr. Ji

Soc101

Review List for Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction

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Macrosociological & microsociological perspectives, social institutions, social structure, roles, social class, culture, groups, status, achieved status, ascribed status, status symbol, master status, status set, status inconsistency, voluntary & involuntary memberships, social cohesion, mechanical & organic solidarity, Gemeinschaft, Gesellschaft, stereotypes, role strain, role conflict, ethnomethodology, dramaturgy, front stage, back stage, social setting, sign-vehicles, Thomas Theorem

Concepts

Macrosociology-broader feature of social structure (functionalist and conflict perspectives)

Microsociology-face-to-face social interaction (symbolic perspective)

Social structure-framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which give direction to and set limits on behavior

Social class-consists of large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and education and who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige.

Status-position one occupies; status set-all the statuses or positions one occupies;

Ascribed statuses- inheriting at birth or receiving involuntarily later in life;

Achieved statuses- obtained at least in part through individual effort

Master status (sex, race, disabled, ethnicity)-primary relative to and overshadow all other statuses

Status inconsistency-a contradiction or mismatch between statuses.

Roles comprise the expectations, obligations, privileges,behaviors attached to a social position

Groups consist of people who regularly interact with one another and, usually, share similar values, norms, and expectations.

Voluntary membership-social group one chooses to belong such as sports club, music band, etc.

Involuntary memberships- social groups involved in an involuntary association with other membership but one has little option to belong such as family, gender, ethnic groups, etc.

Social institutions (family, education, religion, the law, politics, economics, science, medicine, the military, mass media)- are the organized ways that each society develops to meet its basic needs of society.

Mechanical solidarity-a shared consciousness that people experience as a result of performing the similar tasks.

Organic solidarity-based on interdependence brought about by the division of labor

Gemeinschaft- based on traditional society in which life is intimate and people share a sense of togetherness

Gesellschaft- characterized by modern industrialized society in which life is impersonal, short-term relationships, self-interests, and impersonal association.

Stereotypes-simplified generalization about people or things, often biased point of views about people or things. Assumptions about what people or things are like.

Role strain-conflict one feels within the same role

Role conflict-what is expected of us is incompatible with what is expected of us in another role.

Social cohesion-the degree to which members of society feel united by shared values and bonds

Social setting-place where action takes place

Manner-attitudes when playing roles

Sign-vehicles-social settings, our appearance and manner, which are used to communicate information about ourselves

Thomas Theorem-if people define situations real, they are real in their consequences.

Discussion

Define social structure and discuss its significance.

List social institutions and their functions?

What are the statuses, master status, roles, role strains, role conflicts, the differences between ascribed and achieved statuses, and the difference between a status and a role?

What are groups, voluntary and involuntary memberships, and the significance of groups?

What are social cohesion, mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity based on Email Durkheim?

What is the difference between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft as termed by Ferdinand Tonnis?

What is the Thomas Theorem?

Dr. Ji

Soc101 Review List for Chapter 5 Ideal Research Model

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Basic Terms

Hypothesis, research method, variable, operational definition, validity, reliability, survey, participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, unobtrusive measures, experiments, replication, population, sample, random sample, stratified random sample, interviews, mail questionnaires, generalizability, mean, median, mode, biased sample, biased questions, the Hawthorne Experiment, quantitative methods, qualitative method

Basic Concepts

A hypothesis predicts a relationship between or among variables, according to predictions from a theory.

A variable=a factor thought to be significant for human behavior and varies from one case to another.

Research method=any of the six methods used to conduct social research: survey, participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, unobtrusive measures, and experiments.

Reliability refers to the extent to which different studies come up with similar results.

Random sample, everyone in the population has the same chance of being included in the study

A correlation coefficient measures the strength of the relationship between two variables.

A spurious correlation=a relationship between variables is explained away by a third variable.

Operational definition=the actual indicator used in a measured hypothesis.

Validity=the extent to which an operational definition measures what it was intended to measure.

Reliability= the extent to which research produces consistent results.

Surveys=collecting data by asking people a series of questions.

Participant observation=collecting data by watching people’s behavior.

Secondary analysis=analyzing data collected by others.

Documents= written sources such as books, newspapers, diaries, bank records, police reports or files, etc.

Unobtrusive measures=observing the behaviors of people who do not know they are being watched and studied.

Experiments=the use of control group and experimental group to test the causation relationship between dependent and independent variables.

Replication=Repeating of the same study to see if similar results can come out.

Population=a total membership of a defined class of people. All cases of the targeted group

Sample= a subset of cases selected from a population.

Random sample=a sample in which every one has the same chances of being selected.

Stratified random sample= specific subgroups of the targeted population in which everyone has an equal chance of being included.

Generalizability= the extent to which findings from one sample can be generalized to a larger population.

Mode=the mostly frequently occurring scores

Median = the middle point dividing scores in two half: one half above the point and another half below the point

Mean =mathematical average

The Hawthorne Experiment=people were found to change their behavior because they realize they were being studied, not due to any variables being introduced to the experiment.

Quantitative research methods= research in which the emphasis is placed on precise measurement, the use of statistics and numbers.

Qualitative research methods=research in which the emphasis is placed on observing, describing, interpreting people’s behavior.

Dr. Ji

Soc101

Review List Chapter 6 Societies to Social Networks

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Terms

Group, hunting and gathering, horticultural, pastoral, industrial, post-industrial, Agricultural, division of labor, Alienation, secondary group, clique, community, primary, out-group, secondary group, reference group, a double standard, monopolies, dyads, triads, triangles, expressive, laissez-faire, instrumental, authoritarian

Concepts

Society=consists of people who share a culture and a territory.

Hunting and gathering societies=societies with the fewest social divisions, the most egalitarian group of all societies, and the simplest society.

Pastoral society-based on pasturing of animals and nomadic in nature

Horticultural society=based on cultivation of plants leading to permanent settlement

Agricultural society=invention of the plow, creation of surplus food, dawn of civilization

Industrial society=invention of steam engine, manual labor placed by machines, inequality increases

Postindustrial society-invention of the microchips, featuring in technology, information, and services

Group= members having something in common and believe that what they have in common makes a difference.

Aggregates=individuals temporarily share same physical space (drivers in a traffic jam)

Category=people having similar characteristics, not necessarily interacting to each other

A primary group=characterized by an intimate, a long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation

Secondary group=characterized by larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, more formal, and more impersonal

In-Groups=groups toward which we feel loyalty such as police or army unit

Out-Group=groups toward which we feel antagonisms such as the “three KKK”-Ku Klux Klan.

Reference groups=groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves such as families, classmates, coworkers, teachers, etc.

Cliques=a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another

Electronic community=individuals who interact with one another on the Internet

Social networks=the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together

Group dynamics = the ways in which individuals affect groups and groups affect individuals

Small group=a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members

Dyad =the smallest possible group consisting of two people, the most unstable group because of its size

Triad=a group of three people, the larger the group, the more complex the relationships in between

Types of leaders: Instrumental leader=task-oriented leader trying to keep the group moving to reach the goal. Expressive leader=socio-emotional leader trying to increasing harmony and minimizing conflicts in a group.

Leadership style: Authoritarian=leading by giving orders. Democratic= leading by trying to gain a consensus. Laissez-faire= leading by giving highly permissive

Anomie=generally occurs when people feel a sense of detachment and of not belonging

Discussion

What are a group, and the difference between a group and a society?

Discuss the five types of societies and four revolutions with the technology invented.

Discuss types of groups in societies and their significance related.

What are group dynamics and the differences between a Dyad and a Triad.

What are the types of leaders and leadership styles?

Dr. Ji Review Chapters 9-11

SOC101

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Review for Chapter 9 Global Stratification

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Terms

Social stratification, hierarchy, elites, slavery, caste, estate, social class, social mobility, open class, closed caste, endogamous social relations, exogamous social relations, means of production, bourgeoisie, proletariat, components of social class, property, prestige, power, scarce resources, stratification universal, functionalist perspectives, conflict perspectives, status quo, ideology versus force, social networks, global stratification, colonialism, world system theory, dependency theory, culture of poverty, neocolonialism, multinational corporations,

Concepts

Social stratification=the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige.

Elites=top leaders of a society whose decisions influence the whole of its people, consisting of politicians, military leaders, and leaders in big corporations.

Slavery=ownership of people by others

Caste=status is determined by birth and life long

Estate=consisting three groups” the nobility, the clergyman, and the commoners.

Class-primarily based on possession of money. Can move up or down the social class ladders.

Bourgeoisie=capitalist who own means of production

Proletarian=working class who sell their labors to capitalists

Colonialism=the process by which one nation takes over another nation usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources.

World System Theory=world is divided by four interconnected nations: the first is core nations that are the most advanced industrialized; second is periphery nations that trade with the core; the third is periphery fringe nations that sell crops to the first; and the fourth is the external areas that left behind development have few connection with the first.

Culture of Poverty=having a culture that the way of life that perpetuates poverty from generation to generation.

Neocolonialism=the economic and political dominance of the least industrialized countries by the most industrialized nations. The least developed dependent on the most developed.

Multinational Corporations=companies that operate across national boundaries, helping maintain the global dominance of the most industrialized nations.

Ideology=a system of beliefs

Weber’s three components of social class” property, power, and prestige

Immanuel Wallerstein’s world systems, core, semi-periphery/trade, periphery/crops, external/left behind

Globalization=process in which extensive movement of capital and ideas among world nations

Discussion

What is stratification?

How many systems of social stratification are there?

Why is social stratification universal?

What are the causes/theories of global stratification?

Compare Karl Marx and Max Weber’s explanations of social class system.

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Review for Chapter 10 Social Class in the United States

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Terms

Social class, power, wealth, status symbols, status inconsistency, power elite, prestige, haves and havenots, endogamy, consequences of social class, technology, family life, politics, religion, health care, mental illness, capitalist, upper middle, lower middle, working class, working poor, underclass, structural/exchange/mobility, intergenerational mobility, feminization of poverty, culture of poverty, social structure, individual characteristics, deferred gratification, personal problems, social problems.

Concepts

Social class=Weber/a large number of people who rank closely to one another

Status inconsistency=a situation in which individuals are ranked high on some dimensions of social class and low on other dimensions.

Power=the ability to carry out your will in spite of resistance.

Power elite=Mill’s term/the top people in US corporations, military and politics who make the nation’s major decision.

Prestige=respect or regard

High prestige occupations are characterized by higher education, more pay, more abstract thought, and greater autonomy.

Capitalist=having power, wealth, and prestige, either from old money or new money, investors and heirs.

Upper middle=most shaped by education, working as managers and having some authority.

Lower middle=having job slightly more prestigious with income slightly higher than working class

Working class=having less education, relatively unskilled & lower income, working as blue/white-collar Working poor=mostly high school dropouts, unskilled, low-paying, temporary or seasonal jobs, dependent upon food stamps

Underclass=less/no education, little/ no access to job market, live in inner city, temporary jobs, low-paying, unstable, homeless, dependent upon welfare and food stamps.

Intergenerational mobility=upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next.

Structural mobility=upward or downward social mobility of individuals caused by changes in technology or social movement, such as computers created thousands of jobs for some while many being laid off because their skills are out-dated.

Exchange mobility=approximately same numbers of people move up and down the social ladder so that the result of the mobility is roughly on balance.

Feminization of poverty=a trend in US poverty whereby most poor families are headed by women

Culture of poverty=based on the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor are fundamentally different from other people in the society

Social structure=the framework that surrounds us, consisting of relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and set limits on behavior.

Deferred gratification=giving up something in the present for the sake of greater gains in future.

Personal problems=faced by insignificant group of people or persons. Only a small proportion of people are affected in society.

Social problems=affect a large group of people in society such as unemployment due to terrorism, divorce rate, lay off workers due to changes in technology, etc.

Discussion

Which social class model sounds more reasonable, Karl Marx’s or Max Weber’s? Why?

Do you agree with the six-social-class model as proposed by Gilbert and Kahl?

What are the consequences of social class?

What is social mobility? What are the differences between generational mobility, social structural mobility, and exchange mobility?

Why are people poor, due to individual characteristics or due to social structure?

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Review for Chapter 11 Sex and Gender

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Basic Terms

Sex, gender, biological characteristics, social characteristics, gender stratification, anthropology, culture, nature and nurture, sex typed activities, minority group, female inequality, reproduction, patriarchal society, feminism, the National Women=s Party (NWP), sexism, physical abuse, glass ceiling, Mommy Track, sexual harassment, abuse of power, domestic violence, stereotypes,

Basic Concepts

Sex=biological characteristics that distinguish females and males, consisting primary and secondary sex characteristics

Gender=social characteristics that a society considers are proper behaviors for males and females

Gender stratification=the unequal access to power, prestige, and property based on a person=s sex

Patriarchy= a society in which men dominate women

Matriarchy=a society in which women dominate men

Sex typing=the association of behaviors with one sex or the other

Feminism=the philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal and that biology is not destiny

Minority group= a group that is discriminated against on the basis of its members= physical or cultural characteristics

Sexual harassment= the abuse of one=s position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone.

Masculinity= trait that are associated with men such as aggressiveness, independence, dominance, predisposition to math and sciences, etc.

Femininity=traits that are associated with women such as passiveness, dependence, predisposition to arts and literature, etc.

Feminism=men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal and organized activity on behalf of this principle

NWP=the National Women’s Party, established in 1916 to fight for equal right for women

Gender defines what is masculine and feminine.

Mommy Track= emphasizes both career and family, less expectation of a woman but encourage women more committed to family work

Fast track=high powered and demanding positions such as out-of town meetings so that there is limited time out of work

Glass ceiling=top line beyond which women find it difficult to get promoted

Sexual harassment=the abuse of one’s position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone

Family violence=violence related to family maltreatment, physical and metal abuse, rapes, verbal threats, neglect, etc. It includes child abuse, sibling abuse, spousal abuse, elderly abuse, etc.

Discussion

Why do we say that gender is socially determined?

Why do we say females become a minority group?

What do you think of the argument that “the differences between males and females’ behavior are solely socially determined?”

What do you think of the argument that “the differences between males and females’ behavior are solely biologically determined?”

Illustrate the global gender inequality.

SOC 101 Review List for Chapters 13, 15, 16, 18, and 20

Dr. Ji

SOC101

Review Chapter 13 The Elderly

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Basic Terms

Aging, genetic, biological, psychological, sociological, political, graying of America, ageism, elderly abuse, social theories of aging, disengagement theory, activity theory, social reconstruction, exchange theory, the political economy of aging, social security cost, medicare, medicaid, intergenerational conflict, the Gray Panthers, nursing care, elderly abuse, the sociology of death and dying hospices, suicide, age structure

Basic Concepts

Life span=refers to the maximum length of life of a species

Life course=refers to various stages of one’s life from birth to death

Life expectancy=the number of years that an average newborn can expect to live

Graying of America= a term that refers to the rising proportion of older people as a percentage of the US population

Ageism=refers to prejudice, discrimination, and hostility against people because of their age

Age cohort= people born at approximately the same time who pass through the life course together

Age structure=refers to age compositions of a population, consisting of sex composition and age composition, usually illustrated by an age pyramid

Dependency ratio=number of workers required to support dependent members of 65+& ................
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