GRADE 8



Name_______________________

CELLS AND CELL

PROCESSES

UNIT QUESTIONS

Grade 8

Unit – Cells and Cell Processes

|QUESTION |FORMAT |STANDARD |

|1 |MC |1.1b |

|2 |MC |1.1b |

|3 |MC |1.1c |

|4 |MC |2.1a |

|5 |MC |1.1c |

|6 |MC |1.1f |

|7 |MC |1.1e |

|8 |MC |1.1a |

|9 |MC |1.1c |

|10 |MC |1.1e |

|11 |MC |1.1f |

|12 |MC |1.1a |

|13 |MC |2.1d |

|14 |MC |2.1e |

|15 |MC |2.1d |

|16 |MC |1.1e |

|17 |MC |1.1d |

|18 |MC |1.1a |

|19 |MC |2.1e |

|20 |MC |2.1d |

|21 |MC |2.1h |

|22 |MC |1.1c |

|23 |MC |1.1e |

|24 |MC |1.1c |

|25 |MC |1.1f, 4.4a |

|26 |MC |1.1e |

|27 |MC |4.4a |

|28 |MC |4.4c |

|29 |MC |4.4b |

|30 |MC |4.4c |

|31 |MC |1.1b |

|32 |MC |1.1d |

|33 |MC |1.1a |

|34 |MC |1.1a |

|35 |MC |1.1a |

|36 |MC |1.1a |

|37 |MC |1.1a |

|38 |MC |1.1a |

|39 |MC |1.1a |

|40 |MC |1.1a |

(Cont.)

Grade 8

Unit – Cells and Cell Processes

|QUESTION |FORMAT |STANDARD |

|41 |MC |1.1c |

|42 |MC |1.1c |

|43 |MC |1.1c |

|44 |MC |1.1d |

|45 |MC |1.1c |

|46 |MC |1.1c |

|47 |MC |1.1c |

|48 |MC |1.1b |

|49 |MC |1.1e |

|50 |MC |1.1g |

|51 |MC |1.1b |

|52 |MC |1.1b |

|53 |MC |2.1a |

|54 |MC |2.1a |

|55 |MC |2.1a |

|56 |MC |2.1a |

|57 |MC |2.1a |

|58 |MC |2.1a |

|59 |MC |2.1a |

|60 |MC |2.1a |

|61 |MC |2.1e |

|62 |MC |2.1d |

Grade 8

Unit – Cells and Cell Processes

|QUESTION |FORMAT |STANDARD |

|1 |CR |2.1d |

|2 |CR |2.1d |

|3 |CR |2.1a |

|4 |CR |2.1e |

|5 |CR |1.1a |

|6 |CR |1.1a |

|7 |CR |1.1e |

|8 |CR |1.1e |

|9 |CR |1.1e |

|10 |CR |2.1d |

|11 |CR |2.1e |

|12 |CR |2.1d |

|13 |CR |2.1d |

|14 |CR |1.1c |

|15 |CR |1.1c |

|16 |CR |1.1c |

|17 |CR |4.2a |

|18 |CR |4.2a |

|19 |CR |2.1e |

|20 |CR |2.1e |

|21 |CR |2.1e |

|22 |CR |2.1e |

1. The process of “burning” food inside an organism’s cells to release energy is called

1) excretion. 3) digestion.

2) photosynthesis. 4) respiration.

2. Which part of a cell allows nutrients and other materials to enter or leave the cell?

1) cytoplasm 3) chloroplast

2) nucleus 4) cell membrane

3. Hereditary information is found in a cell’s

1) chloroplasts. 3) cytoplasm

2) chromosomes. 4) membranes

4. What is a major cause of variation within a species?

1) sexual reproduction

2) asexual reproduction

3) extinction

4) photosynthesis

5. Which part of the cell controls cell activities and stores genetic material?

1) nucleus 3) chloroplast

2) cell membrane 4) centriole

6. Which of the following structures are found only in plant cells?

1) chromosomes 3) cell membranes

2) chloroplasts 4) cytoplasm

7. Of the following groups, which is organized from simple to complex?

1) tissue → cell → organ system → organ

2) organ system → organ → cell → tissue

3) organ → tissue → organ system → cell

4) cell → tissue → organ → organ system

8. If a new type of living thing is discovered, of which basic unit of structure will it most likely be composed?

1) cells 3) organ systems

2) organs 4) tissues

9. Which structure is the main control center of the cell?

1) chloroplast 3) mitochondria

2) cytoplasm 4) nucleus

10. Which cell would be most efficient at transferring messages from one point to another?

1) skeletal 3) nerve

2) muscle 4) skin

11. The destruction of its chlorophyll would most directly affect a plant’s ability to

1) take in minerals. 3) produce seeds.

2) transport water 4) undergo photosynthesis.

12. Which form of life is an exception of the cell theory?

1) bacterium 3) amoeba

2) plant 4) virus

13. How much of a new individual’s genetic information is carried in a sex cell?

1) 1/4 3) 1/2

2) all 4) twice what is needed

14. Cells identical to the parent cell are created by the process of

1) fertilization. 3) mitosis.

2) meiosis. 4) mutation.

15. Which represents the correct sequence of development for complete metamorphosis?

1) egg, larva, pupa, adult 3) egg, pupa, larva, adult

2) egg, nymph, adult 4) adult, egg, pupa, larva

16. A colony of organisms is found, all containing identical genes. This group of organisms most likely reproduces

1) asexually. 3) through fertilization.

2) sexually. 4) slowly.

17. The genetical information found in any human body cell will

1) be identical. 3) differ according to cell function.

2) match its parents. 4) differ according to cell location.

18. The diagram at the right represents a cell

process. If the cell in diagram 1 contains

4 chromosomes, what is the number of

chromosomes in each cell in diagram 3?

1) 8 3) 16

2) 2 4) 4

19. Cancer is a disease characterized by the

1) uncontrolled division of abnormal cells.

2) unlimited production of abnormal sex cells.

3) uncontrolled replication and lining up of chromosomes.

4) limited production of normal sex cells.

20. Each body cell of a chimpanzee contains 48 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would normally be present in a sex cell produced by this chimpanzee?

1) 24 3) 48

2) 36 4) 96

21. The diagram below shows a cell.

[pic]

This cell would be found in which type of organism?

A) animals

B) fungi

C) viruses

D) plants

22. Tissue is composed of a group of

A) similar cells working together.

B) different organs working together.

C) organ systems working together.

D) nuclei in a cell working together.

23. What is the function of DNA in a cell?

A) regulating the movement of nutrients

B) storing and releasing chemicals

C) carrying genetic material

D) providing energy for activities

24. A plant forms new tissue at the tips of its roots and stems. This new tissue growth is a direct result of

A) circulation.

B) coordination.

C) cellular respiration.

D) cell division.

25. Which sequence correctly shows the levels of organization for structure and function in a human?

A) cell ( tissue ( organ ( organ system

B) organ system ( cell ( tissue ( organ

C) tissue ( organ ( organ system ( cell

D) cell ( organ ( tissue ( organ system

26. Asexually produced offspring are genetically

A) identical to the parent.

B) different from the parent.

C) different from each other.

D) formed by two parents.

27. Compared to the amount of hereditary information in a human body cell, how much hereditary information is contained in a human sex cell?

A) one-quarter the amount

B) one-half the amount

C) the same amount

D) twice the amount

28. In the animal skin tissue, cell division is responsible for

A) growth and repair.

B) sexual reproduction.

C) obtaining energy.

D) production of sex cells.

29. Which statement describes a method of sexual reproduction that occurs in plants?

A) Stem cuttings are placed in water and grow roots.

B) Seeds are produced from the flower of the plant.

C) Underground stems from a plant grow into new plants.

D) A leaf falls to the soil, develops roots, and grows.

30. The structures found in a living cell can be compared to the parts of a factory that produces cars. Which part of the factory is most similar to the nucleus of a living cell?

A) a conveyor belt that transport materials

B) a storage bin that holds the pieces needed to assemble a car

C) the computer room that controls the assembly process

D) the generator that provides energy for the factory

31. What is the basic unit of structure and function in protists and monerans?

A) cell C) organ

B) system D) sytem

32. Which organism is considered an exception to the cell theory because it has a noncellular structure?

A) alga C) virus

B) bacterium D) moss

33. Viruses are exceptions to the cell theory, but they have some characteristics of living things. What is one of these characteristics?

A) They are made up of many specialized cells.

B) They contain genetic material.

C) They reproduce by mitosis.

D) They contain chlorophyll.

34. The cell theory states that

A) all cells have nuclei that contain genetic information.

B) living organisms are made of cells that arise from preexisting cells.

C) all cells regenerate and contain the same basic structures.

D) organisms that lack certain organelles reproduce by binary fission.

35. Living things contain units of structure and function that arise from preexisting units. This statement best describes the

A) cell theory.

B) lock-and-key model of enzyme activity.

C) concept of natural selection.

D) heterotroph hypothesis.

36. Which factor contritubed most to the development of the cell theory?

A) the discovery of many new species

B) the development of techniques to determine the chemical composition of substances

C) the increase in knowledge concerning factors influencing the rate of evolution

D) the improvement in microscopes and microscopic techniques

37. Which statement is part of the cell theory?

A) Cells are microscopic.

B) Cells have definite boundaries.

C) Cells require oxygen for metabolism.

D) Cells come fro preexisting cells.

38. Which invention most influenced the development of the cell theory?

A) ultracentrifuge

B) light microscope

C) thermometer

D) electron microscope

39. Most of the hereditary information that determines the traits of an organism is located in

A) only those cells of an individual produced by meiosis.

B) the nuclei of body cells of an individual.

C) certain genes in the vacuoles of body cells.

D) the numerous ribosomes in certain cells.

40. Transport of molecules within animal cells occurs in the

A) cytoplasm.

B) nucleus.

C) ribosomes.

D) chloroplast.

41. Which letter in the diagram below indicates the cell membrane?

[pic]

1) A

2) B

3) C

4) D

42. Which structures are used by a paramecium for maintaining water balance?

A) contractile vacuoles

B) food vacuoles

C) pseudopodia

D) cilia

43. A structure involved in regulating the movement of materials into a cell is the

A) ribosome.

B) centriole.

C) chloroplast.

D) cell membrane.

44. The diagram below shows a plant cell.

[pic]

Which cell structure is as a storage site for wastes?

1) A 3) C

2) B 4) D

45. Which organelle contributes the energy for muscles in an earthworm?

A) vacuoles

B) chloroplasts

C) mitochondria

D) ribosomes

46. Which statement best describes the cell membrane of a cell?

A) It controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

B) It is composed of proteins only.

C) It allows all substances in and out of the cell.

D) It is only found in animal cells.

47. Some human body cells are shown in the diagrams below.

[pic]

These groups of cells represent different

A) tissues in which similar cells function together.

B) organs that help to carry out a specific life activity.

C) systems that are responsible for a specific life activity.

D) organelles that carry out different functions.

48. Which statement describing the cells in a body system is correct?

A) Each cell in the system is identical to the other cells in the system, and each works independently of the other cells.

B) Some cells in the system may be different from the other cells in the system, but all cells are coordinated and work together.

C) Each cell in the system is different from the other cells in the system, and each cell works independently of the other cells.

D) All cells in the system are identical to each other and work together.

49. The diagram below represents a cross section of a plant leaf.

[pic]

Which letter indicates the region where photosynthesis occurs?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

50. Base your answer on the diagram below which represents some of the events that take place in a chloroplast.

[pic]

Chlorophyll is involved in the production of

A) oxygen.

B) carbon dioxide.

C) carbon monoxide.

D) ozone.

51. Which diagram represents the type of asexual reproduction known as regeneration?

[pic]

52. Which sequence shown below represents the process of regeneration?

[pic]

53. Which diagram represents the reproductive process of budding?

[pic]

54. Budding is a form of asexual reproduction characterized by

A) equal division of cytoplasm and equal division of genetic material.

B) unequal division of cytoplasm and unequal division of genetic material.

C) unequal division of cytoplasm and equal division of genetic material.

D) equal division of cytoplasm and unequal division of genetic material.

55. Which process is illustrated in the diagram of a yeast cell below?

[pic]

A) budding

B) binary fission

C) vegetative propagation

D) regeneration

56. Which process, carried out by a Hydra, is illustrated by the series of drawings below?

[pic]

A) binary fission

B) budding

C) vegetative propagation

D) spore formation

57. The diagram below represents a cell process.

[pic]

Which statement about this cell process is correct?

A) Cell B contains the same genetic information that cells A and C contain.

B) Cell C has DNA that is only 50% identical to cell B.

C) Cell A has DNA that is only 75% identical to cell B.

D) Cells, A, B, and C contain completely different genetic information.

58. The chromosome content of a skin cell that is about to form two new skin cells is represented in the diagram below.

[pic]

Which diagram best represents the chromosomes that would be found in the two new skin cells produced as a result of this process?

[pic]

59. The diagram below can be used to illustrate a process directly involved in

[pic]

A) tissue repair.

B) meiosis.

C) recombination.

D) sexual reproduction.

60. Which activity involves the process shown in the diagram below?

[pic]

A) a gamete reproducing sexually

B) a white blood cell engulfing bacteria

C) a zygote being produced in an ovary

D) an animal repairing damaged tissue

61. Which illustration represents a process that results in the production of sperm cells?

[pic]

62. In the diagram below, which structure is the fertilized egg?

[pic]

A) 1, only

B) 2, only

C) 3, only

D) either 1 or 2

Base you answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows a form of reproduction.

[pic]

1. Which type of reproduction is shown in the diagram? [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

2. How does the genetic material of the daughter cell compare to the genetic material of the parent cell? [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to questions 3 – 6 on the following illustration.

[pic]

3. How did the invention of the microscope make cell study possible? [1]

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4. Why are cells called “the basic unit of life?” [1]

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

5. Why is the cell theory a theory and not a scientific law? [1]

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

6. If life was found on another planet, what would it need if it were similar to life on Earth? [1]

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Base your answer to question 7 on the following illustration.

[pic]

7. What makes tissues different from cells? [1]

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Base your answer to question 8 on the following illustration.

[pic]

8. How are organs different from just a group of tissues? [1]

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Base your answer to question 9-10 on the following illustration.

ORGAN SYSTEMS

An organ system is a group of organs

that work together to perform specific

functions. For example, the circulatory

system transports material throughout

an organism.

9. How does an organ system differ from just a group of organs? [1]

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

10. How is an organism different from just a group of organ systems? [1]

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

11. Why is mitotic cell division so important for the growth and repair of multicellular organism?

[1]

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

R.G. Harrison (1907) and Fell (1928) found that even after a type of cell is removed from a body the cells will continue to grow and divide retaining their traits. For example, a skin cell will produce more skin cells. Therefore, cells seem to have an internal regulating system. Cancer is a general name for diseases caused by unregulated cell growth. It is caused by a change in the genes that regulate cell growth.

12. Why would production of abnormal cells cause problems for a living thing [1]

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

13. A cell with 12 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes does each cell have? [1]

_________________________________________________________________________

14. Suppose that during mitosis, a centromere holding together one of the pairs of chromosomes failed to break. Suppose also that the cell continued through mitosis and then divided into two cells. [1]

a) How many chromosomes would one of the new cells end up having? _______________

b) How many chromosomes would the other new cell end up having? _______________

c) Do you think these new cells would function normally? Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

15. Some cells in the body need to be replaced more often than others. The cells in your skin need to be replaced more often than the cells in your bones. How would the amount of mitosis taking place in your skin compare to the amount of mitosis taking place in your bones. [1]

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to questions 16 – 18 on the diagrams and key below and on your knowledge of science. The diagrams show two cells and some of their structures.

[pic]

16. List two structur4es that are found in both plant and animal cells. [1]

1) __________________________________________________

2) __________________________________________________

17. Which structure shown in the plant cell diagram is the site of photosynthesis? [1]

_____________________________________________________

18. Which cell structure shown in the diagrams contains genetic material? [1]

_____________________________________________________

Base your answers to questions 19 – 22 on the diagram below which shows the process of sexual reproduction.

[pic]

19. Identify the sex cell shown at A. _________________________________________[1]

20. Identify the sex cell shown at B. _________________________________________[1]

21. Identify the reproductive process that is occurring at C. _______________________[1]

22. Identify the process that is occurring between E and F. _______________________[1]

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The circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. They work together to transport materials throughout the body

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