PDF Overview of Aquaculture in the United States - USDA APHIS
[Pages:28]Overview of Aquaculture in the
United States
Centers for Epidemiology & Animal Health USDA:APHIS:VS
2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. B, MS 2E7 Fort Collins, Colroado 80526-8117
(970) 494-7000 NAHMSweb@aphis.
October 1995
Aquaculture in the United States is a diverse industry which includes production of a variety of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, and plants. Total estimated U.S. aquaculture production in 1992 was 313,518 metric tons with production income totaling $724 million (1). Thus, in terms of economic importance, the aquaculture industry is comparable in value to the sheep industry and equivalent to either 18 percent of the swine industry or 30 percent of the turkey industry. Also, an infrastructure of producers, processors, wholesalers, and retailers exists that is similar to that found in traditional livestock. A system of providers exists, which numbered over 2,000 in 1994, that supplies feeds, vaccines, fish diagnostics, medications, growth hormones, and physical equipment (pumps, feeders, processing machines) (2). The objective of this report is to investigate diversity within the industry by providing an overview of the types of aquatic animals being cultured in the U.S., trends in the size and geographic distribution of specific components of the industry, existing Federal and State regulations, and Veterinary Services' current role in aquaculture.
Principal Aquaculture Species
There are five principal aquaculture fish species in the U.S. (catfish, trout, salmon, tilapia, and hybrid striped bass) and two categories of non-food fish production (baitfish and ornamental fish). Contribution to total aquaculture production of other fish species such as walleye, sunfish, and largemouth bass is rather limited. In addition to fish, several crustacean species, crawfish and varieties of shrimp, and molluscs are commercially important.
Although each of these aquaculture industries is developing independently, one limit to their combined expansion in the domestic market will be consumer demand for aquaculture products. Demand will be primarily in the form of consumption, except for the baitfish and tropical fish industries. Per capita consumption of fish (canned, fresh and frozen, cured) in the U.S. increased from 12.5 to 16.2 pounds per capita in the early 1980's but subsequently has remained relatively stable (Figure 1) (1). The average per capita consumption of fish is less than consumption of beef (68.5 pounds), poultry (51.8 pounds), or pork (47.3 pounds), but substantially more than veal (1.2 pounds) or lamb (1.0 pounds) (3).
Since consumption of aquaculture products does not appear to be increasing substantially in the U.S., industry development will depend on becoming competitive on the international market and filling the niche left by declining catches from the ocean. In 1992, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) listed fisheries stocks, many of which are the Nation's most valuable fisheries resources, that are being over utilized and/or are below the population levels need to sustain projected yields (4). The fisheries include New England groundfish, Atlantic sea scallops, gulf shrimp, highly migratory pelagic stocks, Pacific salmon stocks, and many near shore stocks (some oyster populations, bay scallops, abalones, Pacific striped bass).
Catfish Catfish, primarily the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), is by far the largest aquaculture industry in terms of weight of product (Table 1) and value (Table 2)(1). Between 1983 and 1992, the value of the catfish industry represented almost 40 percent of the total estimated value of the aquaculture industry. A majority of the catfish industry is located in the south where longer growing seasons and warmer water is conducive to production (Figure 2).
USDA:APHIS:VS
Total water surface area in production in 1994 was 153,640 surface acres with 97 percent of the acreage occurring in five States: Mississippi (93,700 acres), Arkansas (21,900 acres), Alabama (18,170 acres), Louisiana (11,070 acres), and Georgia (4,000 acres) (5). All other States each had less than 2,500 surface acres in 1994. The geographic distribution of the industry has been fairly stable since the early 1980's (Figure 2)(6). Since 1982, the industry has increased in number of farms from 1,494 to 2,155 with most of the increase occurring between 1982 and 1987 (Table 3). Much of the increase in the number of farms has occurred in three States (Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama), while notable increases have occurred in both of the Carolinas. Growth of the catfish industry was fairly steady throughout the 1980's, but in the last few years production has been a leveling off. In 1994, catfish production fell 4 percent as farmers cut back due to low prices in 1993 (7). However, production is expected to expand 5-7 percent in 1995 due to increasing sales prices. Total acreage of ponds for catfish culture was up in 1994 by 1 percent which follows 2 years of decline. 2
Overview of Aquaculture in the United States
Table 1 - Estimated U.S. aquaculture production (metric tons) of selected species. (Source: NMFS:Fish. Stat. Div.)
Species
Baitfish Catfish Salmon Trout Clams Crawfish Mussels Oysters Shrimp (Freshwater) Shrimp (Saltwater) Misc. 1
1983 10,000 62,256
833 21,954
762 31,524
335 8,807
125
116
3,175
1984 10,704 69,970
1,213 22,653
947 30,064
355 11,505
144
239
4,491
1985 11,252 86,916
1,779 22,952
907 29,489
549 9,936
121
200
6,350
1986 11,706 96,959
1,305 23,133
1,163 31,676
533 11,102
81
614
7,031
Year
1987
1988
11,794
11,975
127,232 133,861
1,825
3,074
25,513
25,416
1,093
965
31,752
29,868
528
483
10,853
11,067
91
130
1,205
998
7,734
9,072
1989 10,899 155,085
3,857 25,187
1,075 29,937
280 10,095
159
680
11,340
1990 9,802
163,492 4,114
25,772 1,669
32,205 275
10,066 184
900
11,218
1991 9,608
177,297 7,599
26,954 1,716
27,481 95
9,359 184
1,600
12,127
1992 9,352
207,460 10,858 25,521 1,942 28,591 128 10,880 147
2,000
16,638
Total Weight
139,887 152,285 170,451 185,304 219,619 226,909 248,584 259,697 274,021 313,518
The long-term trend appears to be similar to what has occurred in other animal industries: concentration into fewer but larger farms. Still there appears to be room for smaller producers, since the average size of fish farms in Mississippi dropped by 20 acres to 323 acres in 1994 (7). More detailed analysis of production and processing linkages would be necessary to determine the future role of small producers. The industry is trying to promote itself as evidenced by a 1994 Catfish Institute investment of $1.6 million on an advertising campaign that was designed to increase public awareness of farm-raised catfish (2).
Trout Trout, principally rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), production is about one-sixth the size of the catfish industry on weight basis but about one-fourth the size on a value basis (Tables 1 and 2). Between 1983 and 1992, value of the trout industry represented 13 percent of the total estimated value of the aquaculture industry. The number of trout farms was 513 in 1982 and 577 in 1992 (6). Trout farms are spread throughout the country, except they do not tend to be found in the southeast (Figure 3). Need for cooler water temperatures during the whole year is the principal driving force in determining the industry's geographic distribution. The geographic distribution of trout farms over time indicates an increase in numbers of farms in the eastern U.S., especially North Carolina.
1Miscellaneous includes ornamental fish, alligators, algae, aquatic plants, hybrid striped bass, tilapia,and others.
3
USDA:APHIS:VS
Table 2 - Estimated value of U.S. aquaculture production of selected species (X $1,000). (Source: NMFS: Fish. Stat. Div.)
Species
Baitfish Catfish Salmon Trout Clams Crawfish Mussels Oysters Shrimp (FW) Shrimp (SW) Misc.2
1983 44,000 83,860
2,548 50,000
6,368 32,664
340 32,034
1,500
1984 47,045 106,899
3,414 54,435
6,670 27,936
309 47,906
1,698
1985 51,280 138,922
5,465 55,154
4,698 29,350
642 38,882
1,541
1986 51,522 142,789
4,399 55,590
8,173 35,009
1,032 49,666
893
Year
1987
1988
71,500
71,000
173,347 225,463
7,462
20,647
57,556
57,927
10,311
11,320
29,400
24,364
1,024
1,130
49,549
58,900
1,250
1,922
1989 62,489 245,142 23,742 60,041 12,721 20,460
1,136 58,082
2,537
1990 53,978 273,210 26,341 64,640 13,486 34,000
1,173 77,949
2,407
1991 55,948 246,639 44,156 59,142 11,133 33,285
947 63,463
2,407
1992 61,183 273,506 75,193 53,942 11,539 24,860
1,162 82,432
1,728
510
874
1,566
1,687
3,408
7,609
7,551
7,937
14,110 17,637
7,000
9,900
20,000
21,700
32,285
40,000
45,600
99,991 104,998 111,005
Total Value
260,824 307,086 347,500 372460 437,092 520,282 539,501 655,112 636,228 724,187
Value of production provides a different perspective on the industry. Idaho produces 50 percent of U.S. farmed trout with the next closest State being North Carolina, which accounts for 8.6 percent of the U.S. trout production (Table 4)(6). Total U.S. production is increasing at a higher rate than is the rate of increase in Idaho which has resulted in declining percentage of total production for Idaho in spite of steadily increasing actual production.
Production of trout was fairly steady during the mid-1980's and into the early 1990's (Table 1). Sales of live trout and trout products peaked in 1990 at $64.6 million (Table 2). Declining production, somewhat offset by recent increases in sales prices, resulted in sales of only $53.9 million in 1994 (7). Sales in all facets of the industry except exports (eggs, fingerlings, stocker, and food-size fish) declined in 1994 (7). Exports of trout products have steadily increased in the recent past, but still only represent about 5 percent of estimated U.S. production, and are roughly equivalent to trout imports. These trends combined seem to indicate that the trout industry is not poised for substantial expansion in the near future. A major constraint may be the availability of sufficient supplies of cool, clean water that can be diverted to aquaculture production. For example, flow-through production
2Miscellaneous includes ornamental fish, alligators, algae, aquatic plants, hybrid striped bass, tilapia, and others.
4
Overview of Aquaculture in the United States
5
USDA:APHIS:VS
Table 3. - Number of farms for selected freshwater species in 1982, 1987, and 1992. (Source: Dept. of Comm., 1992 Ag. Census)
Year
1982 1987 1992
Catfish
1,494 2,071 2,155
Trout
513 547 577
Species
Hybrid Striped
Bass
Crawfish
NA
NA
NA
NA
121
340
Other Fish
Other Aquaculture Products
NA
128
NA
443
669
397
can require between 5,000 to 10,000 gallons of water to produce a pound of fish (8). The United States Trout Farmer's Association is trying to implement a quality assurance program that emphasizes decreasing production costs, improved management practices, and avoidance of drug and chemical residues (2). They hope to promote self-regulation with their program (2).
Salmon Between 1983 and 1992, the value of the salmon industry represented on average about 3.5 percent of the total estimated value of the aquaculture industry (Table 2). The percentage has steadily increased from less than 1 percent in 1983 to more than 10 percent in 1992 (6). Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Pacific salmon (Oncorhyncus sp.) production in 1992 was 10,858 metric tons (1) but had risen to 12,000 metric tons in 1994 (Table 2)(7). Maine and Washington are the primary producers of farmed salmon. Maine produces about twice as much farmed salmon as does Washington.
Table 4. -Top 10 States in value of trout production for 1992. (Source: Dept. of Comm., 1992 Ag. Census)
State
Idaho North Carolina Pennsylvani a California Washington Colorado Virginia Utah Missouri Wisconsin
Sales (x $1,000) and percent of U.S. sales by year
1982
1987
1992
Value
Percent
Value
Percent
Value
Percent
26,502
55.9
34,013
52.1
37,060
47.4
2,026
4.3
3,481
5.3
6,738
8.6
2,480
5.2
3,697
5.7
6,000
7.7
3,960
8.4
5,479
8.4
5,962
7.6
2,375
5.0
2,161
3.3
4,199
5.4
1,241
2.6
2,096
3.2
2,578
3.3
940
2.0
1,572
2.4
2,125
2.7
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,914
2.5
837
1.8
NA
NA
1,558
2.0
809
1.7
589
0.9
1,521
1.9
6
Overview of Aquaculture in the United States
Table 5- Value and quantity of U.S. imports of selected seafood products. (Source: ERS, Situation and Outlook Report)
Commodity
Shrimp, frozen Shrimp, fresh and prep. Atlantic Salmon, fresh Pacific Salmon, fresh Ornamental fish Oysters, fresh or prep. Tilapia Atlantic Salmon, frozen Salmon, canned & prep. Pacific Salmon, frozen Mussels, fresh or prep. Clams, fresh or prep. Trout, fresh & frozen Trout, live
1991 1,713,992
142,676
107,912 113,411
36,105 44,045
NA 10,531
16,350
13,310 7,090 6,758 4,417 76
Value by year ($1,000)
1992
1993
1,882,286 1,998,302
135,162
171,288
125,857 76,682 41,122 46,419 6,029 16,133
155,196 59,951 45,249 47,238 18,029 19,983
14,449
13,138
19,908 7,619 6,935 6,189 106
16,841 8,661 6,822 5,230 208
1994 2,459,708
224,128
169,708 54,899 46,770 40,110 25,586 21,019
16,849
14,390 13,178
9,936 5,467
116
Weight by year (metric tons)
1991
1992
1993
1994
227,209
253,900 252,824 263,641
18,062
16,719 20,348 21,777
18,050 25,299
0 8,143
NA 1,676
22,201 18,216
0 7,636 3,397 2,410
28,573 15,418
0 7,860 11,268 3,506
31,025 14,524
0 700 14,585 3,569
1,336
1,214
933
1,450
3,978 2,998 3,170 1,758
0
4,636 3,480 2,815 2,817
0
5,300 4,390 2,645 2,155
0
5,095 5,015 3,757 1,763
0
World production of salmon in 1994 is estimated to be 500,000 metric tons which is about equal to the U.S. wild harvest (primarily in Alaska)(7). Norway is the largest producer of farmed salmon with a 1994 harvest of 210,000 metric tons.
The U.S. supply of farm-raised salmon continues to expand. Projected small increases in aquaculture production will not mitigate forecasted decreases in the wild harvest from Alaska. Demand for salmon will be met with increased imports of farmed Atlantic salmon in 1995 (7). In 1994, about 35,000 metric tons of Atlantic salmon were imported, a 75 percent increase over the 1991 levels (7). The imports were almost three times as large as domestic production, so the domestic, farm-raised salmon industry has the potential to grow to fill the niche currently filled by imports. U.S. industry may be at a competitive disadvantage to foreign producers for a number of reasons, including: 1) the expense of complying with State and Federal regulations, 2) overlapping jurisdictions of regulatory agencies, 3) opposition to new marine leases, 4) high costs relating to management of diseases, and 5) limited access to investment capital.
Tilapia Tilapia (Tilapia sp.), a member of the cichlid family, is a relatively new species to the aquaculture
7
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related download
- pdf global market assessment for handicrafts
- pdf impacts of meat product recalls on consumer demand in the usa
- pdf quality since 1983
- pdf egg market news report
- pdf global lumber supply dynamics north america outlook
- pdf u s forest products annual market review and prospects 2013
- pdf us china trade war impact assessment
- pdf chapter iv wood use in the united states
- pdf global wood markets consumption production and trade
- pdf paper mills in the us wisconsin public radio
Related searches
- education in the united states facts
- timeline of education in the united states
- history of education in the united states
- rule of law in the united states
- list of presidents in the united states
- role of government in the united states
- problems in the united states 2020
- population of women in the united states
- demographics of women in the united states
- list of hospitals in the united states
- examples of socialism in the united states
- mental health in the united states 2020