Name:
Name: Date:
US History Ms. Byrne
The Progressive Era: 1890-1920
Urbanization
• After the civil war, the _______________ ____________________ of the United States grew from 10 million in 1870 to 30 million in 1900
• Most of the _______________________ settling into this country ended up in cities
• ______________ _______________________ began moving into the cities because urban life offered more and _____________-_________________ _____________, bright lights, ________________ _____________, and modern plumbing
• ________________________ ( tall, steel framed buildings
– Louis Sullivan ( Chicago architect
• _____________ _________________ systems began to develop to move people around the city
– ________________________, cable cars, __________________
Separation by Class
• High Society
– Built _____________ _________________ in the style of European manors
– Increasing demand for _____________________ to maintain house and lifestyle
• Middle-class Gentility
– Included ________________, lawyers, _____________________, merchants, teachers, etc
– Moved out of the central city to “__________________ _________________” to buy bigger homes and have a servant
• Working Class
– Lived in _______________________ (poorly constructed apartments)
– If they could, they would rent space to a boarder to _______________________ their ____________________
Urban Problems
• Crime & Pollution
– Minor criminals (________________________, swindlers, _____________________) thrived in the crowded cities
– Between 1880-1900, _______________ ______________ jumped from 25 per million people to more than 100 per mill. People
– ______________________ contributed to crime
• Machine Politics
– An ____________________ ____________________ _______________ designed to gain and keep power
– ___________________ ______________ ( ran the machines eagerly and provided necessities to people who would vote for the machine
– _________________ ( obtaining money through illegal methods
Gilded Age
• Gilded ( something is covered in ________________ on the outside but is made of _______________ ________________________on the inside
• ______________________________ ( no matter how humble your origins, you could rise in society by your ____________________ and commitment
• ___________________ _________________________ ( survival of the fittest within society
Changing Culture
• Realism ( _______________ and ____________________ tried to portray the world realistically
• Saloon ( Offered _______________, free toilets, water for horses, and ___________________
• Amusement Parks/Sports ( _______________ ________________ was a popular amusement park in NYC
– _______________________ became a popular pastime
• ___________________________/Ragtime ( theater was a ____________________ _______________ from the troubles of the real world
Politics in Washington
• Interstate ________________________ Commission ( Resulted from Wabash v. Illinois (states could not regulate railroad rates for traffic between states
– First federal law to ________________ __________________ _______________________
• ______________________ ____________________ ( Cut tobacco taxes and tariff rates on raw sugar, but greatly increased rates on other goods
• _____________________ __________________ _____________ ( __________________ any “_______________________… or conspiracy in __________________ of trade or commerce among the several states
Helping the Urban Poor
• Social Gospel ( worked to __________________ ____________________ in cities according to the ____________________ ________________ of charity and justice
– Washington Gladden popularized the movement in Applied Christianity (1887)
– Inspired churches to _______________ _____________ and provide social programs and ______________ ________________
• Salvation Army
– Provided assistance and ___________________ ____________________ to the urban poor
• YMCA
– Young Men’s Christian Association
– Tried to help ________________________ _______________ and the urban poor by organizing _________________ _________________, citizen training, and group activities
– Offered libraries, ________________________, auditoriums, and low-cost _____________ ______________
• Settlement House Movement
– ______________________ _______________ that offered aid from _________________ ____________ and English classes to ______________________ and recreational programs
– ______________ _________________ opened _________ __________________ in Chicago in 1889
– ______________ _________________ established Henry Street Settlement House in New York City
• Public Education
– Number of children in _______________ __________________ increased from 6.5 million in 1870 to 17.3 million in 1900
– Immigrant children were taught _________________, American _______________ and _____________________ ( ____________________________
– Schools instilled discipline and a ________________ ________________ _______________
– Children in _____________ ______________ often would not receive a strong education and ______________________ children did not have equal opportunities
• Booker T. Washington established _____________________ ______________________ in 1881
Imposing Segregation
• _____________ ____________ ( Required all citizens eligible to vote to pay a tax of up to $2
• Literacy test ( to be able to vote, you had to be ___________ ________ _________________
• “______________________ ________________” ( allowed any man to vote if he had an ancestor who could vote in 1867
– Allowed poor, illiterate _______________ to vote
• Jim Crow Laws ( laws passed that enforced ________________________ and ________________________ in the south
• Supreme Court ____________________ the ___________ __________________ Act of 1875
• ____________________ v. _______________________ ( Homer Plessey challenged a Louisiana law that forced him to ride in a _________________ railroad car from whites
– In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld the Louisiana law and established the doctrine of “______________________ _________ _________________” which meant that states could segregate as long as they established equal facilities for both races
African American Response
• Ida B. Wells ( with ________________________ (illegal hangings) increasing in the late 1800s, Wells launched a ____________________ __________________ ______________________
– 1895, published a book ________________________ _________ _____________________ and demanding a “fair trial by law for those accused of crime and punishment by law after honest conviction”
• Mary Church Terrell ( Friend of a lynching victim who campaigned against it
– Founded the National Association of Colored Women and the ____________________ _________________________ for the ________________________ of _________________ ________________________ (NAACP)
– Led a ___________________________ against department stores in Washington, DC that refused to serve blacks
• _______________________ _____ _______________________ ( Proposed that African Americans concentrate on achieving _______________________ ______________ rather than political ones
– 1895 – Washington gave a speech, the ____________________ ______________________, that urged African Americans to postpone the fight for civil rights and instead focus on preparing themselves educationally and __________________________ for equality
• W.E.B. ________ _______________ ( ____________________ the ideas of Washington
– Saw no advantage of in giving up civil rights
– Concerned with _______________________ and _______________________ voting rights
Muckrakers
• Group of crusading __________________________ who investigated social conditions and political _______________________
• President Roosevelt nicknamed these journalists “________________________” in reference to a character from a book who single-mindedly scraped up the _______________ on the ground, ignoring everything else
• Uncovered ____________________ in government and __________ ______________________
• Focused on _________________ social and work conditions
Reforming Government
• Progressives proposed many ideas to reform local government
– ______________________ _____________ ( divided city government into several departments, each one under an expert commissioner’s control
– ___________________-____________________ ____________________ ( city council would hire a city manager to run the city instead of the mayor
• Lo Follette’s Laboratory of Democracy
– Direct primary ( _________ ______________ ______________________ could vote for a candidate to run in the ______________ _____________________
– Initiative ( permitted a group of citizens to ________________ ______________________
– ________________________ ( allowed citizens to ________________ on proposed legislation directly without going to the legislature
– Recall ( voters had an option to demand a _____________________ _________________ to _________________ an elected official from office before his or her time had expired
• Direct Election of Senators
– Originally, the federal constitution directed each _______________ ___________________ to elect two senators
– _____________________ ______________________ and business interests often influenced these elections
– 1912 ( Congress passed a direct-election amendment
– 1913 ( ________ _______________________ became official and the people directly elected senators
Child Labor
• ______________ and _______________________ presented very dangerous work environments to children
• John Spargo’s 1906 Book, The Bitter Cry of Children, told how 9 & 10 year olds would pick ________ out of coal, paying them 60 cents for a 10-hour day
• Children often became ____________________ from the work
• Reports like this convinced states to pass laws that set a _____________________ _______ of employment and ____________________ _________
Health & Safety Codes
• Workers were often __________________ or ______________________ in unsafe work conditions and families would not receive compensation
• Led to _____________________ _____________________________ laws ( established insurance funds that employers financed
• Laws were created to _________________ the amount of ___________ of work in a day
Upton Sinclair
• Upton Sinclair, a famous muckraker, wrote the book, ___________ __________________, which revealed the unsafe and unsanitary conditions of the ___________-_________________ _______________________
• Lead to the ___________ _______________ ___________ (1906) and the __________ __________________ ____________ (1906) and established the Bureau of Chemistry, which would become the ____________ and ____________ ________________________ (FDA)
• Claimed that he became famous “not because the public cared anything about the _______________, but simply because the public did not want to eat ____________________ _____________” and that he “aimed at the public's _________________, and by accident [he] hit it in the _______________________”
Prohibition Movement
• Many progressives believed that ______________________ caused many of society’s problems
• Employer’s believed that drinking hurt workers’ __________________________
• Temperance movement advocated that people ______________, or at least moderate, their __________________ ____________________________
• Women’s ______________________ ___________________________ Union ( pressured the government to institute __________________ __________________________ of alcohol
Progressives v. Big Business
• Pushed for government to ___________________ ________ _____________________ and prevent them from abusing their power
• Some progressives advocated _____________________ ( the idea that the government should own and operate industry for the community
– Socialist leader _________________ ________ _____________ won 400,000 votes in 1904 and nearly a million in 1912 as presidential candidate
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