Chapter 13 Properties of Solutions

[Pages:105]Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.;

and Bruce E. Bursten

Chapter 13 Properties of Solutions

Solutions

Solutions

? Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances.

? In a solution, the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.

Solutions

Solutions

The intermolecular forces between solute and solvent particles must be strong enough to compete with those between solute particles and those between solvent particles.

Solutions

How Does a Solution Form?

As a solution forms, the solvent pulls solute particles apart and surrounds, or solvates, them.

Solutions

How Does a Solution Form

If an ionic salt is soluble in water, it is because the iondipole interactions are strong enough to overcome the lattice energy of the salt crystal.

Solutions

Energy Changes in Solution

? Simply put, three processes affect the energetics of the

process:

Separation of solute particles H1( this is always endothermic)

Separation of solvent particles H2 ( this too is always endothermic)

New interactions between solute and solvent H3 ( this is always exothermic)

The overall enthalpy change associated with these three processes :

Hsoln = H1 +H2+ H3

Solutions

? The process solution formation can be either endo or exothermic

? Hot packs use MgSO4 and cold packs use NH4NO3 and water.

Solutions

? The solvent solute interactions must be strong enough to make H3 comparable in magnitude to H1 + H2

? So NaCl will not dissolve in nonpolar liquids as the attraction between the ions and the nonpolar solvent will not compensate for the energies required to separate the ions.

Solutions

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